Behavioral results. a, Preference scores. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA; F
(4,92) = 5.572; p = 0.0005; post hoc two-tailed t test yielded significant differences between univalent reward and neutral and univalent loss and neutral (p < 0.05). b, Mean pupillometry, average across all trials across learning, in a trial-specific manner. We looked for a basic effect of conditioning between the rewarding, aversive, and neutral cue, which is a standard measure of conditioning. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant effect of trial type. F
(2,19) = 3.342; p < 0.05. The post hoc
t tests showed a significant effect (increased amplitude of light reflex) for both rewarding and aversive cues when compared with the neutral cue (p < 0.05). Error bars indicate SEM. p, Pence.