Table 4.
Effect of Incident Diabetic Macular Edema on 1-Year and 3-Year Direct Medical Costs
| Costs | Cost Ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Model 1a | Model 2b | |
| One-year direct medical costs | 1.34 (1.31-1.38) | 1.31 (1.28-1.34) | 1.29 (1.26-1.32) |
| Medicare Part A inpatient | 1.24 (1.20-1.28) | 1.21 (1.17-1.25) | 1.22 (1.18-1.27) |
| Medicare Part A outpatient | 1.40 (1.37-1.44) | 1.30 (1.27-1.33) | 1.19 (1.16-1.22) |
| Medicare Part B | 1.74 (1.71-1.77) | 1.58 (1.55-1.60) | 1.48 (1.46-1.50) |
| Three-year direct medical costs | 1.33 (1.30-1.36) | 1.29 (1.26-1.32) | 1.28 (1.25-1.31) |
| Medicare Part A inpatient | 1.34 (1.29-1.38) | 1.30 (1.26-1.34) | 1.30 (1.26-1.34) |
| Medicare Part A outpatient | 1.30 (1.26-1.34) | 1.22 (1.19-1.26) | 1.15 (1.12-1.19) |
| Medicare Part B | 1.43 (1.40-1.45) | 1.31 (1.29-1.34) | 1.27 (1.25-1.29) |
a
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, race, geographic region, and comorbid conditions.
b
Model 2 adjusted for costs in all prior years, in addition to all covariates in Model 1.