TABLE 3.

Characteristics of PMQR-positive and PMQR-negative isolates

Characteristic	No. of isolates with characteristic/total no. of isolates with indicated PMQR result		Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	P value
	Positive	Negative
Isolation after 2000 vs before 2000a
E. coli	13/185 vs 0/76	172/185 vs 76/76	1.44 (1.33-1.57)	0.012
K. pneumoniae	10/95 vs 3/40	85/95 vs 37/40	1.45 (0.38-5.58)	0.75
E. cloacae	6/43 vs 5/22	37/43 vs 17/22	0.55 (0.15-2.06)	0.48
Total	29/323 vs 8/138	294/323 vs 130/138	1.60 (0.68-3.92)	0.25
Ciprofloxacin resistance
By species:
E. coli	4/13	59/248	1.17 (0.36-3.80)	0.76
K. pneumoniae	6/13	10/122	9.60 (2.70-34.1)	0.001
E. cloacae	4/11	9/54	2.86 (0.69-11.8)	0.21
By PMQR gene:
qnrB	7/22	78/424b	2.07 (0.82-5.25)	0.158
Any qnr gene	9/26	78/424b	2.35 (1.01-5.46)	0.068
aac(6′)-Ib-cr	4/10	78/424b	2.96 (0.82-10.7)	0.10
Total	14/37	78/424	2.70 (1.25-5.77)	0.005
MDRc	21/37	74/424	6.21 (2.94-13.2)	<0.001
E. coli	2/13	46/248	0.80 (0.17-3.73)	1.00
K. pneumoniae	9/13	14/122	17.4 (4.72-63.9)	<0.001
E. cloacae	10/11	14/54	28.6 (3.35-243.8)	<0.001

^aValues for this characteric represent the number of strains isolated after 2000 versus the number of strains isolated before 2000.

^bOnly the number of ciprofloxacin-resistant and -susceptible strains without PMQR genes was included for comparison.

^cMDR is defined as resistance to at least three different classes of antimicrobials.