Table 3. Range and median correlation between the occurrence (logodds) of PNSP, ENSP, and FQRE in 2002–2005 and antimicrobial drug consumption, Europe, 2000–2004*.
| E consumption | O-resistance phenotype | No. E–O intervals with significant association† | Correlation coefficients (r) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median |
Minimum |
Maximum |
||||||||
| r (CI) | E–O year | r (CI) | E–O year | r (CI) | E–O year | |||||
| Total use (J01) |
PNSP | 11 | 0.68 (0.30–0.87) | 2003–2003 | 0.61 (0.17–0.84) | 2001–2003 | 0.73 (0.39–0.90) | 2002–2002 | ||
| ENSP |
9 |
0.55
(0.07–0.82) |
2001–2003 |
|
0.37
(–0.11 to 0.75) |
2004–2005 |
|
0.71
(0.33–0.89) |
2003–2003 |
|
| Penicillins (J01C) |
PNSP | 11 | 0.78 (0.48–0.92) | 2003–2004 | 0.69 (0.28–0.87) | 2003–2005 | 0.82 (0.55–0.93) | 2004–2004 | ||
| ENSP |
3 |
0.37
(–0.15 to 0.74) |
2003–2005 |
|
0.26
(–0.29 to 0.66) |
2001–2002 |
|
0.60
(0.15–0.84) |
2003–2003 |
|
| Cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems (J01D) |
PNSP | 8 | 0.57 (0.13–0.83) | 2002–2003 | 0.41 (–0.07 to 0.74) | 2002–2004 | 0.64 (0.23–0.86) | 2000–2002 | ||
| ENSP |
11 |
0.69
(0.30–0.88) |
2001–2002 |
|
0.50
(0.00–0.79) |
2003–2005 |
|
0.79
(0.48–0.92) |
2004–2004 |
|
| Macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins (MLS class J01F) |
PNSP | 4 | 0.42 (–0.08 to 0.75) | 2004–2004 | 0.26 (–0.22 to 0.67) | 2004–2005 | 0.53 (0.07–0.81) | 2002–2002 | ||
| ENSP |
9 |
0.56
(0.08–0.82) |
2001–2002 |
|
0.35
(–0.19 to 0.71) |
2004–2004 |
|
0.67
(0.27–0.88) |
2003–2004 |
|
| Fluoroquinolones (JO1MA) | PNSP | 9 | 0.51 (0.04–0.80) | 2004–2004 | 0.36 (–0.10 to 0.74) | 2003–2005 | 0.57 (0.12–0.82) | 2002–2002 | ||
| ENSP | 10 | 0.62 (0.18–0.85) | 2001–2002 | 0.48 (–0.04 to 0.78) | 2004–2005 | 0.69 (0.29–0.89) | 2004–2004 | |||
| FQRE‡ | 9 | 0.60 (0.17–0.84) | 2004–2004 | 0.44 (–0.05 to 0.76) | 2003–2005 | 0.70 (0.33–0.88) | 2001–2002 | |||
*PNSP, penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; ENSP, erythromycin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae; FQRE, fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli; E, exposure; O, outcome; CI, 95% confidence interval; MLS, macrolides, lincosamines, and streptogramins. †Exposure outcome intervals include all 11 possible time windows, considering the data for consumption (exposure) and resistance (outcome) for the same year as well as for intervals of 1 to 2 y between exposure and outcome. p<0.05 was significant. ‡Significant correlations of fluoroquinolone consumption were found only with FQRE. Other correlations were therefore not shown.