Table 5.
Age-Adjusted Incidence Rate and Relative Risk of Cancer by Dietary Preference, Leisure-time Physical Activitya, and Smoking Status
| Cancer site | Total | Never/Former Smokers | Current Smokers | ||||||
| Least favorable lifestyle | Middle group | Optimal lifestyle | Least favorable lifestyle | Middle group | Optimal lifestyle | Least favorable lifestyle | Middle group | Optimal lifestyle | |
| All | (n = 624) | (n = 8071) | (n = 4997) | (n = 176) | (n = 2746) | (n = 1890) | (n = 445) | (n = 5204) | (n = 3042) |
| Age aIRb | 605.2 | 557.2 | 504.0 | 505.9 | 474.8 | 433.0 | 671.3 | 621.7 | 567.9 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.85 – 1.00) | 0.83 (0.77 – 0.91) |
1.00 | 0.94 (0.81 – 1.09) |
0.86 (0.73 – 1.00) |
1.00 | 0.93 (0.84 – 1.02) |
0.85 (0.77 – 0.93) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 0.95 (0.88 – 1.03) |
0.87 (0.80 – 0.95)* |
1.00 | 0.95 (0.81 – 1.10) |
0.87 (0.75 – 1.02)* |
1.00 | 0.94 (0.85 – 1.03) |
0.86 (0.78 – 0.95)* |
| Head and neck | (n = 32) | (n = 389) | (n = 259) | (n = 5) | (n = 127) | (n = 107) | (n = 27) | (n = 258) | (n = 150) |
| Age aIRb | 31.4 | 27.3 | 26.5 | 14.6 | 22.6 | 25.2 | 41.3 | 31.1 | 28.3 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) |
1.00 | 0.87 (0.61 – 1.24) |
0.84 (0.58 – 1.22) |
1.00 | 1.54 (0.63 – 3.77) |
1.72 (0.70 – 4.22) |
1.00 | 0.75 (0.51 – 1.12) |
0.69 (0.46 – 1.03) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 0.90 (0.62 – 1.28) |
0.88 (0.61 – 1.27) |
1.00 | 1.57 (0.64 – 3.84) |
1.75 (0.71 – 4.29) |
1.00 | 0.76 (0.51 – 1.13) |
0.69 (0.46 – 1.05) |
| Esophagus | (n = 15) | (n = 181) | (n = 94) | (n = 4) | (n = 34) | (n = 24) | (n = 11) | (n = 147) | (n = 70) |
| Age aIRb | 13.0 | 11.0 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 14.9 | 15.5 | 11.6 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) |
1.00 | 0.84 (0.50 – 1.43) |
0.64 (0.37 – 1.11) |
1.00 | 0.50 (0.78 – 1.42) |
0.47 (0.16 – 1.36) |
1.00 | 1.04 (0.56 – 1.92) |
0.78 (0.41 – 1.47) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 0.94 (0.55 – 1.59) |
0.75 (0.44 – 1.30) |
1.00 | 0.52 (0.19 – 1.48) |
0.48 (0.17 – 1.38) |
1.00 | 1.09 (0.59 – 2.02) |
0.85 (0.45 – 1.60) |
| Stomach | (n = 160) | (n = 2132) | (n = 1318) | (n = 53) | (n = 714) | (n = 474) | (n = 104) | (n = 1385) | (n = 830) |
| Age aIRb | 154.6 | 146.7 | 132.5 | 151.0 | 121.9 | 107.3 | 156.1 | 165.0 | 154.4 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) |
1.00 | 0.95 (0.81 – 1.47) |
0.86 (0.73 – 1.50) |
1.00 | 0.81 (0.61 – 1.07) |
0.71 (0.54 – 0.94) |
1.00 | 1.06 (0.87 – 1.29) |
0.99 (0.81 – 1.21) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 0.98 (0.83 – 1.15) |
0.89 (0.76 – 1.05)* |
1.00 | 0.81 (0.61 – 1.07) |
0.72 (0.54 – 0.95)* |
1.00 | 1.06 (0.87 – 1.30) |
1.00 (0.81 – 1.23) |
| Lung | (n = 95) | (n = 939) | (n = 527) | (n = 14) | (n = 211) | (n = 132) | (n = 81) | (n = 722) | (n = 388) |
| Age aIRb | 91.3 | 63.3 | 52.1 | 40.4 | 36.3 | 30.1 | 121.3 | 84.2 | 71.1 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) |
1.00 | 0.69 (0.56 – 0.86) |
0.57 (0.46 – 0.71) |
1.00 | 0.90 (0.52 – 1.54) |
0.75 (0.43 – 1.29) |
1.00 | 0.69 (0.55 – 0.87) |
0.59 (0.46 – 0.75) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 0.73 (0.59 – 0.91) |
0.63 (0.51 – 0.79)* |
1.00 | 0.91 (0.53 – 1.56) |
0.76 (0.44 – 1.32) |
1.00 | 0.69 (0.55 – 0.87) |
0.60 (0.47 – 0 76)* |
| Colorectum | (n = 72) | (n = 1,030) | (n = 716) | (n = 28) | (n = 443) | (n = 327) | (n = 44) | (n = 573) | (n = 378) |
| Age aIRb | 71.5 | 72.5 | 73.7 | 81.2 | 77.2 | 75.5 | 68.3 | 70.3 | 72.6 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) |
1.00 | 1.01 (0.80 – 1.29) |
1.03 (0.81 – 1.31) |
1.00 | 0.95 (0.65 – 1.39) |
0.93 (0.63 – 1.37) |
1.00 | 1.03 (0.76 – 1.40) |
1.06 (0.78 – 1.45) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 1.03 (0.81 – 1.30) |
1.03 (0.81 – 1.31) |
1.00 | 0.97 (0.66 – 1.42) |
0.94 (0.64 – 1.38) |
1.00 | 1.04 (0.76 – 1.41) |
1.07 (0.78 – 1.46) |
| Liver | (n = 108) | (n = 1614) | (n = 936) | (n = 32) | (n = 570) | (n = 358) | (n = 76) | (n = 1009) | (n = 568) |
| Age aIRb | 96.7 | 104.5 | 88.2 | 86.9 | 94.2 | 78.2 | 104.4 | 111.4 | 97.4 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) |
1.00 | 1.08 (0.89 – 1.31) |
0.91 (0.75 – 1.11) |
1.00 | 1.08 (0.76 – 1.55) |
0.90 (0.63 – 1.29) |
1.00 | 1.07 (0.85 – 1.35) |
0.93 (0.73 – 1.19) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 1.13 (0.93 – 1.37) |
0.98 (0.80 – 1.20) |
1.00 | 1.10 (0.77 – 1.56) |
0.95 (0.66 – 1.37) |
1.00 | 1.10 (0.87 – 1.39) |
0.98 (0.77 – 1.24) |
| Gallbladder | (n = 16) | (n = 207) | (n = 110) | (n = 5) | (n = 78) | (n = 45) | (n = 11) | (n = 124) | (n = 65) |
| Age aIRb | 16.0 | 14.7 | 11.4 | 14.9 | 14.0 | 10.7 | 17.1 | 15.1 | 12.4 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) |
1.00 | 0.92 (0.55 – 1.52) |
0.71 (0.42 – 1.20) |
1.00 | 0.94 (0.38 – 2.32) |
0.72 (0.29 – 1.81) |
1.00 | 0.88 (0.48 – 1.64) |
0.73 (0.38 – 1.38) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 0.95 (0.58 – 1.60) |
0.75 (0.44 – 1.27)* |
1.00 | 0.97 (0.39 – 2.39) |
0.74 (0.29 – 1.87) |
1.00 | 0.92 (0.50 – 1.71) |
0.75 (0.40 – 1.43) |
| Pancreas | (n = 12) | (n = 200) | (n = 134) | (n = 3) | (n = 67) | (n = 48) | (n = 9) | (n = 130) | (n = 83) |
| Age aIRb | 11.7 | 13.6 | 13.4 | 7.9 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 14.0 | 15.8 | 15.9 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) |
1.00 | 1.17 (0.65 – 2.09) |
1.15 (0.64 – 2.07) |
1.00 | 1.32 (0.42 – 4.21) |
1.26 (0.39 – 4.04) |
1.00 | 1.13 (0.58 – 2.22) |
1.13 (0.57 – 2.26) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 1.18 (0.66 – 2.11) |
1.16 (0.64 – 2.10) |
1.00 | 1.30 (0.41 – 4.13) |
1.21 (0.38 – 3.89) |
1.00 | 1.11 (0.57 – 2.19) |
1.11 (0.56 – 2.22) |
| Kidney | (n = 18) | (n = 217) | (n = 157) | (n = 4) | (n = 82) | (n = 61) | (n = 14) | (n = 133) | (n = 92) |
| Age aIRb | 17.4 | 15.1 | 15.9 | 11.5 | 14.2 | 14.0 | 21.0 | 15.9 | 17.2 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) |
1.00 | 0.86 (0.53 – 1.40) |
0.91 (0.56 – 1.49) |
1.00 | 1.24 (0.45 – 3.38) |
1.22 (0.44 – 3.36) |
1.00 | 0.76 (0.44 – 1.32) |
0.82 (0.47 – 1.44) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 0.90 (0.56 – 1.46) |
0.94 (0.57 – 1.53) |
1.00 | 1.31 (0.48 – 3.57) |
1.24 (0.45 – 3.42) |
1.00 | 0.78 (0.45 – 1.36) |
0.83 (0.47 – 1.46) |
| Bladder | (n = 16) | (n = 248) | (n = 149) | (n = 3) | (n = 66) | (n = 58) | (n = 13) | (n = 176) | (n = 91) |
| Age aIRb | 15.8 | 17.3 | 15.2 | 8.6 | 11.2 | 13.1 | 19.9 | 21.2 | 17.2 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) |
1.00 | 1.10 (0.66 – 1.82) |
0.96 (0.58 – 1.61) |
1.00 | 1.31 (0.41 – 4.16) |
1.53 (0.48 – 4.88) |
1.00 | 1.07 (0.61 – 1.88) |
0.87 (0.48 – 1.55) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 1.15 (0.69 – 1.91) |
1.02 (0.61 – 1.71) |
1.00 | 1.32 (0.42 – 4.21) |
1.56 (0.49 – 5.00) |
1.00 | 1.08 (0.62 – 1.90) |
0.86 (0.48 – 1.55) |
| Prostate | (n = 10) | (n = 187) | (n = 108) | (n = 5) | (n = 83) | (n = 54) | (n = 5) | (n = 98) | (n = 49) |
| Age aIRb | 8.7 | 11.0 | 9.4 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 10.4 | 7.0 | 10.3 | 8.2 |
| Age aRR (95% CI) |
1.00 | 1.27 (0.67 – 2.40) |
1.08 (0.57 – 2.07) |
1.00 | 0.96 (0.39 – 2.36) |
0.83 (0.33 – 2.08) |
1.00 | 1.49 (0.61 – 3.65) |
1.18 (0.47 – 2.97) |
| Multivariate (95% CI)c |
1.00 | 1.24 (0.66 – 2.35) |
1.07 (0.56 – 2.04) |
1.00 | 0.94 (0.38 – 2.31) |
0.82 (0.33 – 2.06) |
1.00 | 1.51 (0.61 – 3.71) |
1.20 (0.48 – 3.02) |
The combination of dietary preference and leisure-time physical activity (LPA) were categorized as (1) the least favorable lifestyle; low LPA with meat preference, (2) middle group; moderate-high LPA with meat preference or low LPA with vegetable or mixture of vegetables and meat preference, and (3) optimal lifestyle; moderate-high LPA with vegetable or mixture of vegetables and meat preference.
The number in the parenthesis means the number of cancer cases.
Abbreviations: aRR, adjusted relative risk; CI, confidence interval
* P Value for trend < 0.05
a With the combination of frequency and duration with vigorous, sweat-producing LPA, it was categorized as (1) low; ≤ 4 times/week for < 30 min/session or ≤ 1 time/week for ≥ 30 min/session, (2) moderate; 2–4 times/week for ≥ 30 min/session or ≥ 5 times/week for < 30 min/session, and (3) high; ≥ 5 times/week for ≥ 30 min/session
b The rate is per 100,000 person-years, adjusted to the age distribution of the entire study population.
c The multivariate relative risk model using standard Poisson regression analysis adjusted for age, amount of alcohol drinking, body mass index, employment and fasting blood sugar as appropriate.