Table 1.
General Characteristics of the Population at Baseline (N=3,156)
| Characteristic | Excluded (n=2,397) |
Included (n=3,156) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD | 76.8 ± 6.2 | 74.0 ± 4.6 |
| Women, n (%) | 1,472 (61.4) | 1,794 (56.8) |
| Black, n (%) | 413 (21.4) | 393 (12.4) |
| Education, mean ± SD | 12.5 ± 4.8 | 14.7 ± 4.4 |
| Subclinical cardiovascular diseases, n (%) |
1,424 (81.6) | 2,018 (63.9) |
| Congestive heart disease, n (%) | 701 (29.2) | 565 (17.9) |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 340 (14.2) | 262 (8.3) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1,259 (66.7) | 1,657 (52.6) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 332 (16.5) | 293 (9.3) |
| Physical activity, kcal, median ± SD |
490.0 ± 13,140.0 | 1,095.0 ± 13,965.0 |
| Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score, mean ± SD |
86.8 ± 12.4 | 93.4 ± 5.3 |
| Digit Symbol Substitution Test score, mean ± SD |
31.4 ± 14.0 | 42.1 ± 12.3 |
| Gait speed, second, mean ± SD* | 0.75 ± 0.2 | 0.96 ± 0.2 |
| Difficulty with ≥1 instrumental activity of daily living, n (%) |
954 (34.9) | 399 (12.6) |
| Grip strength, kg, mean ± SD | 25.6 ± 9.6 | 28.9 ± 10.0 |
| Markers of brain structural changes, n (%)† | ||
| Subclinical brain infarcts | 184 (33.6) | 619 (25.5) |
| Ventricular enlargement ≥Grade 4 | 512 (42.0) | 370 (15.3) |
| White matter hyperintensities ≥Grade 3 |
167 (30.3) | 283 (11.6) |
Note: All comparisons between included and excluded had P-values <.001, except sex (P=.10).
*
Twenty-six participants were missing values for gait speed.
†
Computed for those who received a brain magnetic resonance imaging scan in 1992/93 (n=3,660), for those included (n=2,436), and those excluded (n=1,224).
SD=standard deviation.