Table 1.
Subject Characteristics
| Subject Characteristics (Mean ± Standard Deviation or %) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Older Adults
(N=276) |
Young Adults
(N=52) |
p-value | ||
| Background Measures | Age (years) | 76.4 ± 4.5 | 24.1 ± 2.7 | |
| Gender (% female) | 58.9% | 58.7% | 0.87 | |
| Education (years) | 13.6 ± 3.7 | 14.8 ± 1.8 | p<0.0001 | |
| MMSE (30) | 28.7 ± 1.3 | 29.7 ± 0.5 | p<0.0001 | |
| Baseline gait speed (m/s) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | p<0.0001 | |
| Timed Up & Go (seconds) | 9.5 ± 1.7 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | p<0.0001 | |
| SF-36 | 69.1 ± 17 | NA | ||
| PASE | 113 ± 66.4 | NA | ||
| Measures of Affect | GDS (0-30) | 5.2 ± 4.6 | 3.5 ± 3.7 | p= 0.005 |
| Spielberger Anxiety State | 32.1 ± 10.1 | 27.0 ± 8.1 | p= 0.286 | |
| Spielberger Anxiety Trait | 33.9 ± 8.7 | 32.6 ± 7.8 | p<0.0001 | |
| Executive Function | Verbal fluency (# of words) | 33.5 ± 12.3 | 39.8 ±10.5 | p<0.0001 |
| Digit span forward (# of words) | 9.2 ± 2.4 | 11.8 ± 2.2 | p<0.0001 | |
| Digit span backward (# of words) | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 8.6 ± 2.4 | p<0.0001 | |
| Digit span total (# of words) | 15.2 ± 4.1 | 20.4 ± 4.1 | p<0.0001 | |
| TMT A time (sec) | 81.0 ± 36.8 | 35.0 ± 12.5 | p<0.0001 | |
| TMT B time (sec) | 151.2 ± 62.2 | 66.1 ± 21.2 | p<0.0001 | |
| TMT B-A time (sec) | 70.4±51.3 | 31.1±15.1 | p<0.0001 | |
PASE = Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, MMSE = Mini Mental State Exam, GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale, TMT = Trails Making Test