Table 4.
Larger completed and published randomized clinical trials of neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke
| Agent | Trial name | No. subjects | Max. time to treatment | Publications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nimodipine | American Nimodipine Study | 1064 | 48 h | (American Nimodipine Study Group, 1992) |
| Nimodipine | Intravenous Nimodipine West European Stroke Trial [INWEST] | 295 | 24 h | (Wahlgren et al., 1994) |
| Nimodipine | Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of nimodipine in acute ischemic hemispheric stroke | 350 | 48 h | (Kaste et al., 1994) |
| Nimodipine | Randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of nimodipine in acute stroke [TRUST] | 1215 | 48 h | (TRUST Study Group, 1990) |
| Nimodipine | Very Early Nimodipine Use in Stroke [VENUS] | 454 | 6 h | (Horn et al., 2001a) |
| Aptiganel | Aptiganel Acute Stroke Trial | 628 | 6 h | JAMA 2001;286:2673-82 |
| Selfotel | Acute Stroke Studies Involving Selfotel Treatment [ASSIST] | 567 | 6 h | (Davis et al., 1997; Davis et al., 2000) |
| Gavestinel | Glycine antagonist in neuroprotection for patients with ischemic stroke [GAIN Americas] | 1646 | 6 h | (Sacco et al., 2001) |
| Gavestinel | Glycine antagonist (gavestinel) in neuroprotection [GAIN International] | 1804 | 6 h | (Lees et al., 2000) |
| Clomethiazole | Clomethiazole acute stroke study [CLASS] | 1360 | 12 h | (Wahlgren et al., 1999) |
| Clomethiazole | Clomethiazole Acute Stroke Study in ischemic stroke [CLASS-I] | 1198 | 12 h | (Lyden et al., 2002) |
| Diazepam | Early GABA-ergic activation study in stroke trial [EGASIS] | 880 | 12 h | (Lodder et al., 2006) |
| Magnesium | Intravenous Magnesium Efficacy in Stroke trial [IMAGES] | 2589 | 12 h | (Muir et al., 2004) |
| NXY-059 | Stroke-Acute Ischemic NXY Treatment trial [SAINT I] | 1722 | 6 h | (Lees et al., 2006) |
| NXY-059 | Stroke-Acute Ischemic NXY Treatment trial [SAINT II] | 3195 | 6 h | (Shuaib et al., 2007) |
| Tirilazad | Randomized Trial of High Dose Tirilazad in Acute Stroke [RANTTAS] | 556 | 6 h | (The RANTTAS Investigators, 1996) |
| Ebselen | Ebselen in Acute Ischemic Stroke | 302 | 48 h | (Yamaguchi et al., 1998) |
| Edaravone | Edaravone Acute Infarction Study [EAIS] | 252 | 72 h | (Edaravone Acute Infarction Study, 2003) |
| Citicoline | Treatment of acute cerebral infarction with a choline precursor | 272 | 14 days | (Tazaki et al., 1988) |
| Citicoline | Citicoline Stroke Study [Citicoline 001] | 259 | 24 h | (Clark et al., 1997) |
| Citicoline | Randomized efficacy trial of citicoline in patients with acute ischemic stroke [Citicoline 007] | 394 | 24 h | (Clark et al., 1999b) |
| Citicoline | Phase III trial of citicoline 2000 mg vs placebo [Citicoline ECCO 2000] | 899 | 24 h | (Clark et al., 2001) |
| Citicoline | Effect of citicoline on lesion volume in acute stroke [Citicoline 010] | 100 | 24 h | (Warach et al., 2000) |
| Lubeluzole | US and Canadian Lubeluzole Ischemic Stroke Study (Lub) | 721 | 6 h | (Grotta, 1997) |
| Lubeluzole | European and Australian Lubeluzole Ischaemic Stroke Study | 725 | 6 h | (Diener, 1998) |
| Lubeluzole | Lubeluzole in ischemic stroke (LUB-INT-13) | 1786 | 8 h | (Diener et al., 2000) |
| Enlimomab | Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial [EAST] | 625 | 6 h | (EAST Trial, 2001) |
| UK-279,276 | Acute Stroke Therapy by Inhibition Neutrophils [ASTIN] | 966 | 6 h | (Krams et al., 2003) |
| Hemodilution | Scandinavian Stroke Study | 373 | 48 h | (Scandinavian Stroke Study Group, 1987; Scandinavian Stroke Study Group, 1988) |
| Hemodilution | Italian Acute Stroke Study | 1267 | 12 h | (Italian Acute Stroke Study Group, 1988) |
| Hemodilution | Amsterdam Stroke Study | 300 | 48 h | (Goslinga et al., 1992) |
| Hemodilution | Multicenter Austrian Hemodilution Trial | 200 | 6 h | (Aichner et al., 1998) |
| Hemodilution + GM-1 | Italian Acute Stroke Study – Hemodilution [IASS-H] | 502 | 12 h | (Argentino et al., 1989) |