Table 2.

Relative Risk of Lung Cancer According to Quintile of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, Overall and by Smoking Status, NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, 1995–2003

Sex and Intake, servings/1,000 kcal/day	All Participants			Never Smokers			Former Smokers			Current Smokers
	No. of Cases	RRa	95% CI	No. of Cases	RRb	95% CI	No. of Cases	RRc	95% CI	No. of Cases	RRd	95% CI
Men
Total fruit and vegetables
<1.82	1,212	1.00		23	1.00		501	1.00		688	1.00
1.82–2.53	809	0.95	0.87, 1.04	25	0.77	0.43, 1.36	421	0.90	0.79, 1.03	363	1.05	0.89, 1.24
2.54–3.25	681	0.95	0.86, 1.04	28	0.76	0.44, 1.33	424	0.94	0.83, 1.08	229	1.02	0.84, 1.23
3.26–4.29	600	0.93	0.84. 1.04	32	0.79	0.46, 1.38	384	0.88	0.77, 1.01	184	1.12	0.91, 1.38
>4.29	532	0.93	0.83, 1.04	33	0.77	0.44, 1.35	380	0.91	0.79, 1.05	119	1.00	0.77, 1.29
P trend		0.17			0.56			0.22			0.69
Total fruit
<0.65	1,195	1.00		21	1.00		497	1.00		677	1.00
0.65–1.08	837	0.98	0.89, 1.07	27	0.89	0.50, 1.58	441	0.94	0.82, 1.07	369	1.01	0.89, 1.15
1.09–1.56	660	0.91	0.83, 1.01	33	0.92	0.53, 1.60	384	0.86	0.75, 0.99	243	0.96	0.83, 1.12
1.57–2.27	619	0.95	0.86, 1.06	24	0.60	0.33, 1.09	412	0.95	0.83, 1.09	183	0.97	0.82, 1.14
>2.27	523	0.91	0.82, 1.02	36	0.81	0.46, 1.41	376	0.91	0.79, 1.05	111	0.84	0.69, 1.04
P trend		0.10			0.35			0.36			0.12
Total vegetables
<0.87	1,058	1.00		27	1.00		495	1.00		536	1.00
0.87–1.22	826	0.98	0.89, 1.07	27	0.85	0.50, 1.45	445	0.97	0.85, 1.10	354	0.98	0.86, 1.12
1.23–1.61	725	0.96	0.87, 1.05	27	0.84	0.49, 1.43	418	0.92	0.80, 1.05	280	0.99	0.86, 1.15
1.62–2.20	633	0.91	0.82, 1.01	28	0.85	0.50, 1.45	360	0.81	0.70, 0.93	245	1.07	0.92, 1.25
>2.20	592	0.93	0.83, 1.03	32	0.94	0.56, 1.59	392	0.88	0.77, 1.01	168	0.97	0.81, 1.16
P trend		0.08			0.99			0.01			0.90
Women
Total fruit and vegetables
<2.39	658	1.00		25	1.00		162	1.00		471	1.00
2.39–3.25	439	0.94	0.83, 1.07	30	0.97	0.57, 1.65	155	0.95	0.76, 1.18	254	0.96	0.82, 1.12
3.26–4.14	384	0.95	0.83, 1.08	36	1.06	0.63, 1.77	172	1.04	0.84, 1.30	176	0.88	0.73, 1.05
4.15–5.37	390	1.06	0.93, 1.21	43	1.18	0.71, 1.97	174	1.06	0.85, 1.33	173	1.06	0.89, 1.27
>5.37	330	0.98	0.85, 1.13	36	0.99	0.58, 1.69	172	1.03	0.82, 1.29	122	0.93	0.76, 1.15
P trend		0.56			0.86			0.55			0.73
Total fruit
<0.89	674	1.00		23	1.00		179	1.00		472	1.00
0.89–1.41	454	0.96	0.85, 1.09	30	1.00	0.58, 1.72	168	0.94	0.76, 1.16	256	0.98	0.84, 1.14
1.42–1.97	394	0.97	0.86, 1.11	43	1.28	0.77, 2.13	160	0.92	0.74, 1.14	191	0.98	0.82, 1.16
1.98–2.76	358	0.98	0.86, 1.12	32	0.84	0.49, 1.46	176	1.03	0.83, 1.28	150	0.95	0.79, 1.15
>2.76	321	0.97	0.84, 1.11	42	1.08	0.64, 1.84	152	0.94	0.75, 1.17	127	0.95	0.78, 1.17
P trend		0.70			0.99			0.85			0.58
Total vegetables
<1.11	564	1.00		32	1.00		135	1.00		397	1.00
1.11–1.56	426	0.94	0.83, 1.07	34	0.96	0.59, 1.55	150	1.09	0.86, 1.38	242	0.89	0.76, 1.05
1.57–2.08	410	0.99	0.87, 1.13	37	0.99	0.61, 1.60	183	1.29	1.03, 1.62	190	0.84	0.70, 1.00
2.09–2.86	410	1.03	0.91, 1.18	41	1.09	0.68, 1.75	171	1.18	0.94, 1.48	198	0.97	0.82, 1.16
>2.86	391	1.05	0.92, 1.21	26	0.72	0.42, 1.22	196	1.26	1.01, 1.58	169	1.01	0.84, 1.22
P trend		0.23			0.27			0.07			0.75

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NIH, National Institutes of Health; RR, relative risk.

^aAdjusted for age, energy intake, race, education, body mass index, smoking status, smoking dose, time since quitting smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and family history of any cancer.

^bAdjusted for age, energy intake, race, education, body mass index, alcohol intake, physical activity, and family history of any cancer.

^cAdjusted for age, energy intake, race, education, body mass index, time since quitting smoking, past smoking dose, alcohol intake, physical activity, and family history of any cancer.

^dAdjusted for age, energy intake, race, education, body mass index, current smoking dose, alcohol intake, physical activity, and family history of any cancer.