Sox9 nuclear localization is both necessary and sufficient to
promote β-catenin degradation. A and B, CHO
cells were transiently transfected with β-CATENIN-HA and a
cytoplasmic mutant, Sox9-NLS*-Flag (top panel) or
a nuclear mutant, Sox9-NLS*-NLS(TA)-Flag
(bottom panel). Cells were stained with anti-HA (green) and
anti-FLAG (red) antibodies (A) or analyzed by Western blot
(B). Tubulin was used as a loading control. C and
D, CHO cells were transiently transfected with β-CATENIN-HA and
with a cytoplasmic mutant,
Sox9HMG-Flag
(top panel), or a nuclear mutant,
Sox9HMG-NLS(TA)(bottom
panel). Immunofluorescent staining and Western blot analysis was
performed 24 h later as in A and B. Lanes 1 and 2
were put together with lanes 3 and 4 by deleting irrelevant
lanes in between on the same membrane. E, CHO cells were transiently
transfected with the indicated plasmids and TOPFLASH activity was measured 24
h later. IB, immunoblot.