TABLE 2.
Apoptosis-related proteins whose genes have altered expression during C. parvum infection in HCT-8 cellsa
| Protein | Description | Role in apoptosis |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster 1 | ||
| DDIT3 | DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 | Induces growth arrest and apoptosis in response to stress signals or DNA damage |
| P8 | Candidate of metastasis 1 | Induction of apoptosis |
| Cluster 2 | ||
| LAMB1 | Laminin, beta 1 | Induction of apoptosis |
| BBC3 | BCL2 binding component 3 | p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA); binds to Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) |
| LGALS8 | Lectin, galactoside binding, soluble, 8 (galectin 8) | Apoptosis regulator activity |
| VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor | Induces phosphorylation of Bcl-2 protein |
| ERBB3 | v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 3 protein (avian) | Involved in ErbB2/ErbB3/Akt signaling; inhibition protects cells from UV B-induced apoptosis |
| LGALS1 | Lectin, galactoside binding, soluble, 1 (galectin 1) | Apoptosis regulator activity |
| DSIPI | Delta sleep inducing peptide, immunoreactor | Decreases Bcl-xl expression and promotes apoptosis |
| PPP1R15A | Protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 15A | Apoptosis regulator activity |
| BTG1 | B-cell translocation gene 1 protein, antiproliferative | Apoptotic sensitizer that is highly expressed in apoptotic cells |
| CEBPB | CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) beta | Induces growth arrest and apoptosis in response to stress signals or DNA damage |
| CEBPG | CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) gamma | Induces growth arrest and apoptosis in response to stress signals or DNA damage |
| DDIT4 | DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 | Induces growth arrest and apoptosis in response to stress signals or DNA damage |
| ATF4 | Activating transcription factor 4 (tax-responsive enhancer element B67) | Member of the ATF/CREB family, with both transcription activator and repressor activities |
| Cluster 3 | ||
| MT1B | Metallothionein 1B (functional) | Possible negative regulation of apoptosis |
| MT2A | Metallothionein 2A | Possible negative regulation of apoptosis |
| MT1X | Metallothionein 1X | Possible negative regulation of apoptosis |
| MT1G | Metallothionein 1G | Possible negative regulation of apoptosis |
| MT3 | Metallothionein 3 (growth inhibitory factor) | Possible negative regulation of apoptosis |
| Cluster 4 | ||
| AMD1 | Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 | Inhibits apoptosis via decreasing polyamine availability |
| DNAJA1 | DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 1 | Antiapoptotic activities via hsp70-DnaJ chaperone pairing |
| TM4SF1 | Transmembrane 4 superfamily member 1 | Tumor antigen |
| HSPA8 | Heat shock 70-kDa protein 8 | Blocks apoptosis by binding apoptosis protease activating factor 1 (Apf-1) |
| DUSP4 | Dual-specificity phosphatase 4 | Inactivates JNK to inhibit apoptosis progression |
| PCNA | Proliferating cell nuclear antigen | Blocks apoptosis via interaction with the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 |
| HSPCA | Heat shock 90-kDa protein 1α | Suppresses Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis by preventing the cleavage of Bid |
| STRA13 | Stimulated by retinoic acid 13 | Inhibits apoptosis via the STAT pathways |
| IL1RN | Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | Inhibits death receptor-mediated apoptosis via inhibiting the binding of interleukin 1B |
| FGFR1OP | FGFR1 oncogene partner | Positive regulation of cell proliferation |
| DNAJA1 | DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 1 | Antiapoptotic activities via hsp70-DnaJ chaperone pairing |
| HSPE1 | Heat shock 10-kDa protein 1 (chaperonin 10) | Inhibits apoptosis via posttranslational modification of Bcl-xl |
| AHSA1 | AHA1, activator of heat shock; 90-kDa protein | Activator of HSP90 |
| TM4SF1 | Transmembrane 4 superfamily member 1 | |
| ANXA2 | Annexin A2 | Ca2+-dependent RNA-binding protein that interacts with c-myc RNA |
| CYCS | Cytochrome c, somatic | Apoptosis regulator activity |
| MYCBP | c-myc binding protein | Stimulates transcription activity of c-myc (induces or inhibits apoptosis through pathways involving p53 and members of the Bcl-2 family) |
| ANXA1 | Annexin A1 | Calcium-dependent proapoptotic effect |
| PHLDA2 | Pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 2 | Involved in Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis via upregulation of Fas expression |
| Cluster 5 | ||
| DUSP5 | Dual-specificity phosphatase 5 | Direct target of p53, downregulating mitogen- or stress-activated protein kinases |
| EGR1 | Early growth response 1 | Induces apoptosis via upregulating p53 expression |
| CFLAR | CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator | Dual-function regulator for caspase-8 activation and CD95-mediated apoptosis |
| LUC7A | Cisplatin resistance-associated overexpressed protein | Apoptosis regulator activity |
| CSE1L | CSE1 chromosome segregation 1-like (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) | Apoptosis regulator activity |
| DUSP6 | Dual-specificity phosphatase 6 | Strongly tumor suppressive, induces apoptosis |
| Unclassified | ||
| PHLDA1 | Pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1 | Inhibition of detachment induced apoptosis; also involved in Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis via upregulation of Fas expression in T cells |
| EGR3 | Early growth response 3 | Induces apoptosis via upregulating p53 expression |
| HSPA1A | Heat shock 70-kDa protein 1A | Binds Apf-1 |
| IER3 | Immediate early response 3 | Inhibitor of Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis (target of p53) |
| FOS | v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog | Member of AP-1 protein family; activated during transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-dependent apoptosis |
| FOSB | FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B | Member of AP-1 protein family; activated during TGF-β1-dependent apoptosis |
a
All genes encoding the listed proteins showed at least a 1.8-fold change in expression at two or more of five time points examined.