TABLE 1.
Roles of TLRs and TLR adaptors in acute lower respiratory tract bacterial infections
| TLR or TLR adaptor | Infection-causing bacterium (reference[s]) | Phenotypea
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival | Neutrophil influxb | Bacterial burdenc | Bacterial disseminationd | ||
| TLRs | |||||
| TLR2 | Acinetobacter baumannii (43) | ↓ | ↓ | ND | ND |
| Legionella pneumophila (7, 28, 33) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis (1) | ND | NS | ↑ | ND | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (73) | ND | NS | ↑ (early) | ND | |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae (21) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | |
| TLR4 | Acinetobacter baumannii (43) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Haemophilus influenzae (88) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ND | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae (13) | ↓ | ND | ↑ | ND | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (73) | ND | ↓ (late) | NS | ND | |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae (22) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ND | |
| TLR5 | Legionella pneumophila (32) | ND | ↓ (early) | NS | ND |
| TLR9 | Klebsiella pneumoniae (9) | ↓ | NS | ↑ | ↑ |
| Legionella pneumophila (10) | ↓ | NS | ↑ | ND | |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae (4) | ↓ | NS | ↑ | ↑ | |
| TLR adaptors | |||||
| MyD88 | Escherichia coli (38, 40) | ↓ | ↓ | ND | ND |
| Haemophilus influenzae (91) | ND | ND | ↓ | ND | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae (41) | ND | ↓ | ND | ND | |
| Legionella pneumophila (7, 33) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (73, 78, 80) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | |
| Staphylococcus aureus (78) | ND | ↓ | ND | ND | |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae (4) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | |
| TIRAP | Klebsiella pneumoniae (41) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (41) | ND | ↓ | ↑ | ND | |
| TRIF | Escherichia coli (38, 40) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
a
Phenotype was determined using gene-deficient or mutant mice after intrapulmonary infection. ↓, decreased; ↑, increased; ND, not determined; NS, no significant difference.
b
Neutrophil influx was determined using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and/or lung parenchyma.
c
Bacterial burden was measured as the number of CFU in the lungs.
d
Bacterial dissemination was measured as the number of CFU in the blood or spleen.