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Production of KIC, hydroxyisocaproate, and isovalerate from leucine by the L. lactis TIL46 wild type (WT) and the panE mutant, after the incubation of resting cells in a reaction medium at pH 5.5 for 10, 20, and 40 h. The data are means ± standard deviations of results for triplicates. Student's t test results for comparisons between data for the wild type and the panE mutant are as follows: *, P < 0.05, and **, P < 0.01.
