Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical, Neuropsychological, and Decision-Making Characteristics
| Characteristic | No placebo module (n = 25) | Placebo module (n = 24) | t or χ2[df] | p |
| Age, years | 55.8 (6.0) | 55.3 (3.9) | t[47] = 0.352 | 0.727 |
| Education, years | 13.4 (1.7) | 12.7 (2.1) | t[47] = 1.408 | 0.166 |
| Sex | χ 2[1] = 4.751 | 0.029 | ||
| Male (%) | 60.0% | 87.5% | ||
| Female (%) | 40.0% | 12.5% | ||
| Diagnosis | χ2[1] = 0.234 | 0.628 | ||
| Schizophrenia (%) | 60.0% | 66.7% | ||
| Schizoaffective disorder (%) | 40.0% | 33.3% | ||
| Ethnicity | χ2[2] = 3.381 | 0.184 | ||
| Caucasian (%) | 72.0% | 91.7% | ||
| African American (%) | 8.0% | 4.2% | ||
| Hispanic/Latino (%) | 20.0% | 4.2% | ||
| MacCAT-CR Subscales (possible range) | ||||
| Understanding (0–26) | 18.9 (5.8) | 17.5 (6.0) | t[47] = 0.847 | 0.401 |
| Appreciation (0–6) | 4.5 (1.6) | 4.1 (1.6) | t[47] = 0.877 | 0.385 |
| Reasoning (0–8) | 5.4 (1.9) | 4.9 (2.5) | t[47] = 0.844 | 0.403 |
| Choice (0–2) | 1.9 (0.3) | 2.0 (0.2) | t[40.2] = −1.000 | 0.323 |
| PANSS (possible range) | ||||
| Positive subscale (7–49) | 16.4 (5.2) | 13.9 (4.5) | t[47] = 1.833 | 0.073 |
| Negative subscale (7–49) | 14.2 (5.6) | 14.5 (6.4) | t[47] = −0.190 | 0.850 |
| General subscale (16–112) | 28.6 (7.1) | 28.4 (7.9) | t[47] = 0.086 | 0.932 |
| HAM-D (17-item version, possible range 0–50) | 11.0 (6.6) | 9.8 (6.6) | t[47] = 0.641 | 0.525 |
| Birchwood Insight Questionnaire (possible range 0–16, N = 48) | 11.8 (2.2) | 10.7 (4.8) | t[46] = 1.037 | 0.307 |
| DRS raw scores (N = 46) (range) | ||||
| Total (poss. 0–144; obs. 83–143) | 128.0 (15.3) | 128.4 (10.6) | t[44] = −0.120 | 0.905 |
| Attention (poss. 0–37; obs. 21–37) | 33.8 (3.7) | 34.8 (1.8) | t[44] = −1.151 | 0.256 |
| Initiation/Perseveration (poss. 0–37; obs. 14–37) | 33.2 (5.6) | 31.6 (4.4) | t[44] = 1.082 | 0.285 |
| Construction (poss. 0–6; obs. 2–6) | 5.2 (1.2) | 5.5 (1.0) | t[44] = −0.835 | 0.408 |
| Conceptualization (poss. 0–39; obs. 25–39) | 34.4 (4.3) | 34.8 (4.0) | t[44] = −0.307 | 0.760 |
| Memory (poss. 0–25; obs. 11–25) | 21.4 (4.0) | 21.7 (2.8) | t[44] = −0.250 | 0.803 |
Note: Unless otherwise indicated, the values represent means (and SDs). MacCAT-CR = MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; HAM-D = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; DRS = Mattis Dementia Rating Scale; Poss. = Possible range; Obs. = Observed range.