Table 1.

Studies Under Review: Neuropsychology, Neurological Soft Signs, Structural Brain Imaging, and Functional Brain Imaging

Authors	Year	Sample Size	Sex	Inpatients	Outpatients	Period Violence Assessed	Source of Information	Subjects	Recent Substance Abuse	Current Antipsychotics	Results (violent group compared to nonviolent)
Neuropsychology
Roy et al.19	1987	20	M	Stable	n/a	6 months	Medical file reviewed; Observation	High violent (n = 11); Low violent (n = 9)	No information	Yes	Better
Lapierre et al.23	1995	61	M	n/a	Stable	Lifelong	Medical and criminal file review; Interview	Outpatients (n = 31); Healthy volunteers (n = 30)	Yes	Yes	Better
Rasmussen et al.28	1995	39	M	Stable	n/a	Unclear	Medical file review	Violent (n = 13); Nonviolent (n = 13); Healthy controls (n = 13)	No information	Unclear	Better
Krakowski et al.30	1997	94	M	Acute	n/a	4 weeks	MOAS	Persistently violent (n = 27); Transiently violent (n = 32); Nonviolent (n = 45)	No information	Unclear	No difference
Wong et al.33	1997	39	M	Stable	n/a	Lifelong	Medical file review	Several violent offenses (n = 20); 1 violent offense (n = 19)	No	Yes	No difference
Lafayette et al.34	2003	96	M (n = 70); F (n = 26)	n/a	Stable	Lifelong	Criminal files	History of violent arrest (n = 34); History of nonviolent arrest (n = 23); No history of arrest (n = 39)	Yes	Unclear	No difference
Krakowski et al.38	1989	89	M (n = 71); F (n = 18)	Acute	n/a	1–6 months	Medical file review; Observation	High violent (n = 28); Low violent (n = 27)	No information	Yes	Worse
Adams et al.39	1990	37	M	Acute	n/a	Lifelong	Criminal and police files	NIMP (n = 12); IMP (n = 25)	No	Yes	Worse
Barkataki et al.42	2005	28	M	Stable	n/a	Lifelong	Medical file review; Interview	History of severe violence (n = 13); No history of severe violence (n = 15)	No	Yes	Worse
Neurological Soft Signs (NSS)
Krakowski et al.38	1989	89	M (n = 71); F (n = 18)	Acute	n/a	1–6 months	Medical file review; Observation; QNS	High violent (n = 28); Low violent (n = 27)	No information	Yes	More
Krakowski et al.30	1997	94	M	Acute	n/a	4 weeks	MOAS; QNS	High violent (n = 28); Low violent (n = 27)	No information	Yes	More
Arango et al.49	1999	63	M (n = 46); F (n = 17)	Acute	n/a	4–5 weeks	OAS; NES	Violent (n = 16); Nonviolent (n = 47)	Yes	Yes	No difference
Braun and Lapierre52	1995	61	M	n/a	Stable	Lifelong	Medical and criminal file review; Interview; QNS	Outpatients (n = 31); Healthy volunteers (n = 30)	Yes	Yes	More
Structural Brain Imaging
Convit et al.54	1996	18	M	Acute	n/a	Unclear	CT scan	Repetitively violent (n = 9); No history of violence (n = 9)	No information	No information	Sylvian fissure
Wong et al.33	1997	39	M	Stable	n/a	Lifelong	MRI scan	Several violent offenses (n = 20); 1 violent offense (n = 19)	Yes	Unclear	Amygdala
Hoptman et al.55	2002	14	M	Acute and stable	n/a	Lifelong	Medical file review; Interview; LHA scale; BIS-11; DTI scan	All violent (n = 14)	No information	Yes	Amygdala-OFC
Barkataki et al.58	2004	28	M	Stable	n/a	Lifelong	Medical file review; Interview; MRI scan	History of severe violence (n = 13); No history of severe violence (n = 15)	No	Yes	Whole brain volume hippocampus putamen
Functional Brain Imaging
Wong et al.62	1997	39	M	Stable	n/a	Lifelong	PET scan	Several violent offenses (n = 20); 1 violent offense (n = 19)	Yes	Unclear	Reduced FDG uptake at anterior inferior temporal cortex
Spalletta et al.62	2001	15	No information	Acute	n/a	Not week of hospitalization	Medical file review; SPECT scan	Violent (n = 3); Nonviolent (n = 12)	No information	No information	Reduced prefrontal rCBF at anterior inferior temporal cortex

Note: MOAS: Modified Overt Aggression Scale; OAS: Overt Aggression Scale; QNS: Quantified Neurological Scale; NES: Neurological Evaluation Scale; LHA scale: Lifetime History of Aggression scale; BIS-11: Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; DTI: Diffusion Tensor Imaging; FDG: Fluorodeoxyglucose; rCBF: Regional Cerebral Blood Flow; IMP: Neuropsychologically impaired; NIMP: Not neuropsychologically impaired.