Table 2.
Ten-Year Outcomes for Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder and Substance Use Disorder
| Baseline Mean (SD)/Count (%) N = 130 | 1 Year Mean (SD)/Count (%) N = 130 | 2 Year Mean (SD)/Count (%) N = 129 | 3 Year Mean (SD)/Count (%) N = 130 | 4 Year Mean (SD)/Count (%) N = 124 | 5 Year Mean (SD)/Count (%) N = 125 | 6 Year Mean (SD)/Count (%) N = 123 | 7 Year Mean (SD)/Count (%) N = 122 | 8 Year Mean (SD)/Count (%) N = 120 | 9 Year Mean (SD)/Count (%) N = 119 | 10 Year Mean (SD)/Count (%) N = 116 | Level of Significance for Time Effect |
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| Variables | 0–10 Years | 3–10 Years | |||||||||||
| Symptoms of Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Illness | |||||||||||||
| BPRSa Total Score | 47.93 (14.19) | 43.80 (12.27) | 43.61 (11.53) | 42.55 (12.18) | 40.96 (12.35) | 38.83 (9.67) | 38.78 (10.85) | 39.54 (11.10) | 39.01 (11.25) | 39.34 (10.79) | ** | ** | |
| BPRS Affect | 2.46 (1.05) | 2.35 (1.03) | 2.52 (1.07) | 2.39 (1.12) | 2.31 (1.15) | 2.24 (1.06) | 2.17 (1.10) | 2.10 (0.95) | 2.08 (1.04) | 2.04 (0.97) | ** | ** | |
| BPRS Anergia | 2.05 (1.08) | 1.79 (1.03) | 1.77 (1.03) | 1.63 (0.91) | 1.54 (0.81) | 1.54 (0.80) | 1.68 (0.86) | 1.71 (0.86) | 1.67 (0.86) | 1.73 (0.90) | ** | ns | |
| BPRS Thought Disorder | 2.79 (1.56) | 2.43 (1.39) | 2.31 (1.52) | 2.31 (1.40) | 2.12 (1.38) | 1.91 (1.05) | 1.93 (1.11) | 2.07 (1.21) | 2.03 (1.26) | 2.08 (1.29) | ** | ns | |
| BPRS Disorganization | 1.36 (0.75) | 1.23 (0.60) | 1.18 (0.46) | 1.25 (0.58) | 1.24 (0.62) | 1.20 (0.49) | 1.17 (0.50) | 1.25 (0.64) | 1.14 (0.43) | 1.22 (0.52) | ns | ns | |
| BPRS Activation | 1.53 (0.67) | 1.45 (0.79) | 1.36 (0.65) | 1.32 (0.57) | 1.35 (0.69) | 1.30 (0.56) | 1.32 (0.63) | 1.26 (0.48) | 1.28 (0.46) | 1.30 (0.57) | ** | ns | |
| Substance Abuse | |||||||||||||
| AUSb | 3.27 (1.02) | 2.77 (1.08) | 2.63 (1.06) | 2.53 (1.10) | 2.49 (1.15) | 2.47 (1.12) | 2.25 (1.25) | 2.28 (1.34) | 2.07 (1.27) | 2.15 (1.35) | 1.97 (1.19) | ** | ** |
| Days of Alchohol Use | 60.76 (60.98) | 41.60 (51.25) | 32.71 (44.73) | 37.02 (52.84) | 36.46 (53.80) | 38.80 (55.77) | 31.78 (51.32) | 31.82 (57.35) | 29.77 (56.33) | 29.62 (52.83) | 17.64 (44.36) | ** | ** |
| ASI Alcohol Compositec | 0.25 (0.22) | 0.20 (0.20) | 0.20 (0.20) | 0.18 (0.20) | 0.19 (0.20) | 0.17 (0.22) | 0.15 (0.21) | 0.18 (0.21) | 0.13 (0.19) | 0.16 (0.20) | 0.14 (0.18) | ** | * |
| DUSd | 2.43 (1.23) | 2.22 (1.18) | 2.05 (1.17) | 2.12 (1.12) | 2.20 (1.22) | 2.16 (1.17) | 1.86 (1.07) | 1.83 (1.11) | 1.79 (1.17) | 1.73 (1.06) | 1.77 (1.12) | ** | ** |
| Any Drug Use (yes) | 67 (59%) | 66 (54%) | 64 (50%) | 66 (51%) | 61 (50%) | 51 (41.80%) | 45 (37%) | 46 (38%) | 36 (31%) | 32 (34%) | 16 (29%) | ** | ** |
| ASI Drug Composite— Dichotomized (yes)e | 85 (68%) | 69 (56%) | 73 (58%) | 71 (58%) | 58 (49%) | 69 (58%) | 58 (51%) | 53 (49%) | 60 (52%) | 50 (50%) | 58 (55%) | ** | ns |
| Remissionf Past 6 Months | 2 (2%) | 45 (35%) | 54 (42%) | 56 (43%) | 59 (48%) | 59 (48%) | 61 (52%) | 64 (55%) | 69 (60%) | 71 (60%) | 73 (65%) | ** | ** |
| Abstinenceg Past 6 Months | 2 (2%) | 12 (9%) | 15 (12%) | 20 (16%) | 29 (24%) | 24 (20%) | 36 (31%) | 34 (29%) | 44 (38%) | 48 (41%) | 44 (39%) | ** | ** |
| SATSh | 2.87 (1.04) | 3.9 (1.40) | 4.36 (1.60) | 4.91 (1.74) | 4.66 (2.27) | 4.82 (2.24) | 5.42 (2.01) | 5.66 (2.37) | 5.94 (2.30) | 6.03 (2.35) | 6.09 (2.28) | ** | ** |
| Living Situation | |||||||||||||
| Hospital Stay Past Year (yes) | 64 (52%) | 49 (41%) | 49 (39%) | 49 (39%) | 44 (35%) | 40 (33%) | 35 (28%) | 29 (23%) | 27 (22%) | 17 (14%) | 24 (20%) | ** | ** |
| Jail/Prison Stay Past Year | 13 (10%) | 15 (12%) | 15 (12%) | 15 (12%) | 9 (7%) | 10 (8%) | 13 (10%) | 10 (8%) | 10 (8%) | 9 (7%) | 10 (9%) | ns | ns |
| Homeless Past Year (yes) | 34 (27%) | 26 (20%) | 13 (10%) | 14 (15%) | 20 (16%) | 17 (14%) | 7 (6%) | 13 (10%) | 8 (6%) | 8 (7%) | 11 (9%) | ** | * |
| Proportion of Days of Independent Living Past Yeari | 0.49 (0.43) | 0.50 (0.42) | 0.49 (0.37) | 0.45 (0.43) | 0.58 (0.45) | 0.61 (0.43) | 0.59 (0.44) | 0.64 (0.44) | 0.61 (0.46) | 0.59 (0.45) | 0.61 (0.45) | ** | * |
| Functional Status | |||||||||||||
| Competitive Job Past Year (yes) | 8 (6%) | 19 (15%) | 19 (15%) | 32 (25%) | 40 (34%) | 37 (29%) | 29 (24%) | 38 (32%) | 42 (35%) | 48 (41%) | ** | ** | |
| Social Contact With Non- Abusers (yes) | 9 (7%) | 44 (34%) | 51 (40%) | 48 (39%) | 45 (38%) | 53 (45%) | 52 (46%) | 55 (47%) | 51 (45%) | 53 (49%) | ** | * | |
| QOLIj Daily Activities (0–1) | 0.50 (0.15) | 0.49 (0.13) | 0.47 (0.16) | 0.47 (0.16) | 0.51 (0.13) | 0.51 (0.14) | 0.49 (0.14) | 0.47 (0.13) | 0.47 (0.14) | 0.48 (0.13) | ** | ns | |
| QOLI Social Contact (1–5) | 2.75 (0.83) | 2.84 (0.82) | 2.80 (0.86) | 2.75 (0.90) | 2.70 (0.86) | 2.72 (0.83) | 2.68 (0.78) | 2.57 (0.87) | 2.53 (0.80) | 2.55 (0.94) | ** | ** | |
| QOLI Family Contact (1–5) | 3.32 (0.89) | 3.31 (1.01) | 3.28 (0.92) | 3.18 (0.91) | 3.24 (1.07) | 3.32 (0.96) | 3.14 (1.02) | 3.11 (1.04) | 3.06 (1.03) | 3.08 (1.07) | * | ns | |
| Quality of Lifej | |||||||||||||
| QOLI General Life Satisfactionk | 4.11 (1.47) | 4.38 (1.35) | 4.44 (1.46) | 4.46 (1.35) | 4.73 (1.25) | 4.73 (1.30) | 4.59 (1.38) | 4.75 (1.32) | 4.80 (1.25) | 4.71 (1.28) | ** | * | |
| QOLI Satisfaction With Housing | 4.86 (1.10) | 5.00 (1.09) | 5.12 (1.00) | 5.00 (1.05) | 5.12 (1.09) | 5.12 (1.07) | 5.14 (1.00) | 5.05 (1.14) | 5.18 (1.05) | 4.98 (1.15) | ns | ns | |
| QOLI Satisfaction With Social Relations | 4.45 (1.20) | 4.54 (1.16) | 4.45 (1.17) | 4.58 (1.14) | 4.63 (1.10) | 4.70 (1.15) | 4.68 (1.11) | 4.67 (1.03) | 4.76 (1.08) | 4.59 (1.17) | * | ns | |
| QOLI Satisfaction With Family Relations | 4.52 (1.49) | 4.66 (1.38) | 4.77 (1.34) | 4.74 (1.27) | 4.84 (1.29) | 4.86 (1.31) | 4.85 (1.35) | 4.84 (1.22) | 4.99 (1.21) | 4.78 (1.41) | * | ns | |
| QOLI Satisfaction With Leisure | 4.33 (1.25) | 4.54 (1.22) | 4.59 (1.15) | 4.48 (1.22) | 4.65 (1.02) | 4.56 (1.04) | 4.59 (1.11) | 4.77 (1.01) | 4.78 (0.99) | 4.70 (1.09) | ** | ** | |
| Recovery Score | 1.34 (1.04) | 1.97 (1.38) | 2.07 (1.36) | 2.34 (1.36) | 2.85 (1.41) | 3.15 (1.41) | 3.14 (1.32) | 3.35 (1.33) | 3.17 (1.40) | 3.37 (1.43) | ** | ** | |
a
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (24–168)
b
Alcohol Use Scale (0–1)
c
Addiction Severity Index—Alcohol Composite (0–1)
d
Drug Use Scale (1–5)
e
Addiction Severity Index–Drug Composite
f
Both AUS and DUS scores < 3
g
Both AUS and DUS scores = 1
h
Substance Abuse Treatment Scales (1–8)
i
Independent Living consists of the following residential settings: House/Trailer, Apartment, Rooming House, Family of Origin
j
Quality of Life Interview
k
QOLI Satisfaction Scales (1–7)
*p < .05; **p < .01.