Table 1.
Neuroimaging Studies in Clinical High-Risk Populations
| Article | Sample Size | Measure | Findings |
| Cross-sectional studies | |||
| Phillips et al19 | UHR-P = 20 | Volume of hippocampus and whole brain | UHR vs CTRL: UHR ↓ hippocampus bilaterally |
| UHR-NP = 40 | UHR-P vs UHR-NP: UHR-P ↑ left hippocampus | ||
| CTRL = 139 | |||
| Pantelis et al35 | UHR-P = 23 | VBM of GM | UHR-P vs UHR-NP: UHR-P ↓ GM in right medial temporal lobe, STG, temporal pole, inferior frontal gyrus, VLPFC, and basal ganglia |
| UHR-NP = 52 | |||
| Wood et al23 | UHR-P = 6 | 1H MRS in left medial temporal and left prefrontal (NAA/Cr and TMA/Cr) | UHR vs CTRL: UHR ↑ NAA/Cr and TMA/Cr in prefrontal voxel (interpreted as ↓ Cr) |
| UHR-NP = 24 | UHR-P vs UHR-NP: no significant differences | ||
| CTRL = 21 | |||
| Yücel et al41 | UHR-P = 21 | Presence or absence of the PCS | UHR vs CTRL: UHR ↓ PCS frequency in left hemisphere, ↑ number of CS interruptions |
| UHR-NP = 42 | Interruptions of the CS | UHR-P vs UHR-NP: no significant differences | |
| CTRL = 75 | |||
| Walterfang et al55 | UHR-P = 23 | VBM of WM | UHR-P vs UHR-NP: UHR-P ↑ WM in left superior frontooccipital fasciculus (near premotor cortex) and left superior longitudinal fasciculus (near frontal operculum) |
| UHR-NP = 52 | |||
| Garner et al66 | UHR-P = 31 | Pituitary volume | UHR vs CTRL: not reported |
| UHR-NP = 63 | UHR-P vs UHR-NP: UHR-P ↑ pituitary volume | ||
| CTRL = 49 | |||
| Jessen et al24 | UHR-P = 3 | 1H MRS in left frontal, left STG, and bilateral ACC | UHR vs CTRL: UHR ↓ NAA in frontal and ACC voxels |
| UHR-NP = 16 | UHR-P vs UHR-NP: UHR-P ↓ NAA/TMA in ACC voxel | ||
| CTRL = 24 | |||
| Velakoulis et al20 | UHR-P = 39 | Volume of hippocampus, amygdala and whole brain | UHR vs CTRL: UHR ↓ whole-brain volume |
| UHR-NP = 96 | UHR-P vs UHR-NP: no significant differences | ||
| CTRL = 87 | |||
| Borgwardt et al27 | UHR-P = 12 | VBM of GM | UHR vs CTRL: UHR ↑ GM in bilateral parahippocampal, fusiform, and medial occipital gyri, plus the posterior temporal, inferior parietal and postcentral cortex, the red nucleus and thalamus, and the right supramarginal gyrus |
| UHR-NP = 23 | UHR-P vs UHR-NP: UHR-P ↓ GM in right insula and STG, ↑ GM in | ||
| CTRL = 22 | |||
| Berger et al53 | UHR-P = 39 | Lateral ventricular volume | UHR vs CTRL: no significant differences |
| UHR-NP = 96 | UHR-P vs UHR-NP: no significant differences | ||
| CTRL = 87 | |||
| Fornito et al (unpublished data) | UHR-P = 35 | ACC volume, thickness, and surface area | UHR vs CTRL: not reported |
| UHR-NP = 35 | UHR-P vs UHR-NP: UHR-P ↓ thickness in bilateral rostral limbic ACC | ||
| CTRL = 33 | |||
| Longitudinal studies | |||
| Pantelis et al35 | UHR-P = 10 | VBM of GM | UHR-P ↓ bilaterally in cingulate and in left medial temporal, orbitofrontal, and cerebellar regions |
| UHR-NP = 11 | UHR-NP ↓ in left cerebellum | ||
| No significant group-by-time interaction | |||
| Walterfang et al55 | UHR-P = 10 | VBM of WM | UHR-P ↓ deep left parietal WM near frontooccipital fasciculus and left occipital WM subadjacent to calcarine cortex, ↑ posterior cerebellum bilaterally |
| UHR-NP = 11 | UHR-NP ↑ left posterior cerebellum and subadjacent to right inferior parietal lobule | ||
| No significant group-by-time interaction | |||
| Sun et al57 | UHR-P = 12 | VBM of cortical surface motion | UHR-P ↓ right prefrontal region compared with UHR-NP |
| UHR-NP = 23 | |||
Note: UHR-P, ultra high-risk psychotic; UHR-NP, ultra high-risk nonpsychotic; CTRL, control; VBM, voxel-based morphometry; GM, gray matter; STG, superior temporal gyrus; VLPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NAA, N-acetylaspartate; Cr, creatine and phosphocreatine; TMA, trimethylamine; PCS, paracingulate sulcus; CS, cingulate sulcus; WM, white matter; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex.