Table 1.
Prospective Studies of Schizophrenia Outcomes in Low-Income Countries
| Site | Follow-up (y) | Sample Type | Baseline (N) | Lost to Follow-up (%) | Mortality (%) | Follow-up (%) |
| São Paulo, Brazil37,38,52,64 | 2 | Hospital | 124 | 11.3 | 5.6 | 83.1 |
| Sichuan, China29,51,61,81 | 10a | Community | 510 | 7.8 | 19.2 | 72.9 |
| Butajira, Ethiopia32,33,42 | 1–4 | Community | 321 | 15.6 | 10.3 | 84.4b |
| Chandigarh, India27 | 4.5–6+ | Clinic | 174 | 35.1 | 7.5 | 57.5 |
| Chandigarh, India28,82 | 1.5–2.5 | Clinic | 112 | 16.1 | 2.7 | 81.2 |
| Multisite study, India22,25,83 | 2 | Clinic | 386 | 11.9 | 4.4 | 83.7 |
| Multisite study, India22,26,84 | 5 | Clinic | 386 | NA | NAc | 74.4 |
| MLS,d India21,30,31,44,45,85,86 | 10 | Clinic | 90 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 84.4 |
| First episode | ||||||
| MLS, India20 | 20 | Clinic | 90 | 14.4 | 17.8 | 67.8 |
| First episode | ||||||
| Chennai,e India36,43,46 | 1 | Community | 49 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 |
| Rural Karnataka, India41 | 1.5 | Community | 100 | 1.0 | 6.0 | 93.0 |
| Bali, Indonesia23,54 | 11f | Hospital | 59 | 1.7 | 20.3 | 78.0 |
| Jamaica39,87 | 1 | Community | 317 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 96.2 |
| First episode | ||||||
| Ilesa, Nigeria53 | 2.1–3.2 | Hospital | 116 | 11.2 | 7.8 | 81.0 |
| Cape Town, South Africa47 | 2 | Hospital | 57 | 15.8 | NA | 84.2 |
| First episode | ||||||
| Trinidad88 | 1 | Community | 46 | 6.5 | NA | 93.5 |
| First episode | ||||||
| WHO studies | ||||||
| Sofia, Bulgaria15 | 16 | First episode | 60 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 91.7g |
| China15 | 12 | First episode | 89 | 12.4 | 22.5 | 65.2 |
| Cali, Colombia15 | 26 | Clinic | 101 | 16.8 | 11.9 | 71.3 |
| Agra, India15 | 26 | Clinic | 140 | 25.7 | 30.7 | 43.6 |
| Chandigarh (rural), India15 | 15 | First episode | 54 | 13.0 | 18.5 | 68.5 |
| Chandigarh (urban), India15 | 15 | First episode | 155 | 39.4 | 9.0 | 51.6 |
| Ibadan, Nigeria11 | 2 | First episode | 142 | 31.0 | NA | 69.0 |
Note: MLS, Madras Longitudinal Study; NA, not applicable.
a
Outcomes based on 2-y follow-up of untreated subjects, mortality based on 10-y follow-up.
b
Eighteen cases who had died were included in follow-up analyses.
c
By year 5, 12 subjects (3.1%) had committed suicide.
d
Results from this study included in International Study of Schizophrenia.
e
Survey identified 265 persons with schizophrenia. Of these, 75 had never received treatment. Of this subsample, 49 accepted treatment and were followed-up.
f
Five-year retrospective study served as baseline.
g
Forty percent of subjects included were not interviewed. Follow-up assessments were based on medical records.