Table 2.
Raw Score Means, Reliability Coefficients, and Percent Change Over Time for Each Neuropsychological and Oculomotor Measure by Group
| Healthy Controls (n = 26) | Baseline | 6 Wk | ICC | Spearman ρ | Percent Change |
| Oculomotor measures | |||||
| VGS—latency (ms) | 221 (29.89) | 217 (24.53) | .72 | .74 | +1.81 |
| VGS—gain | 0.95 (0.05) | 0.94 (0.04) | .85 | .85 | +0.02 |
| Antisaccade latency (ms) | 407 (88.02) | 394 (75.43) | .83 | .82 | +3.19 |
| Antisaccade percent errors | 0.19 (0.13) | 0.13 (0.09) | .77 | .75 | +30.31 |
| MGS—gain | 0.95 (0.11) | 0.97 (0.16) | .69 | .76 | +2.56 |
| MGS—resting error (degree) | −0.69 (1.48) | −0.48 (1.49) | .59 | .56 | +30.49 |
| Neuropsychological measures | |||||
| Stroop color-word score | 51.60 (8.50) | 54.12 (9.55) | .79 | .80 | +4.88 |
| Controlled Oral Word Associationa | 43.64 (9.59) | 44.76 (8.95) | .75 | .78 | +2.57 |
| Trail-Making Test: part B timeb | 51.92 (15.67) | 48.12 (21.27) | .38 | .51 | +6.96 |
| CVLT: learning trials 1–5 | 54.62 (8.34) | 54.77 (6.52) | .38 | .26 | +0.27 |
| CVLT: long delay free recall | 11.88 (2.89) | 12.76 (2.26) | .56 | .40 | +7.41 |
| WMS-R visual reproduction I | 37.69 (2.31) | 37.12 (2.69) | .53 | .46 | −1.51 |
| WMS-R visual reproduction II | 35.23 (4.69) | 36.77 (2.37) | .21 | .14 | +4.37 |
| Trail-Making Test: part A timeb | 23.88 (7.49) | 20.54 (5.78) | .60 | .63 | +13.99 |
| WAIS-R digit span | 17.64 (3.76) | 17.56 (3.80) | .74 | .76 | −0.45 |
| WAIS-R digit symbol | 67.60 (8.24) | 70.36 (7.48) | .70 | .72 | +4.08 |
| Grooved pegs: dominant hand | 63.73 (10.31) | 61.42 (12.32) | .88 | .89 | +3.62 |
| Grooved pegs: nondominant hand | 66.88 (6.73) | 69.75 (8.82) | .69 | .79 | −4.29 |
| Schizophrenia patients (n = 29) | |||||
| Oculomotor measures | |||||
| VGS—latency (ms) | 207 (33.46) | 225 (44.06) | .77 | .81 | +8.70 |
| VGS—gain | 0.93 (0.04) | 0.91 (0.05) | .73 | .71 | −2.04 |
| Antisaccade latency (ms) | 487 (123.74) | 453 (95.83) | .63 | .58 | +6.98 |
| Antisaccade percent errors | 0.41 (0.20) | 0.35 (0.21) | .75 | .66 | +14.72 |
| MGS—gain | 0.87 (0.17) | 0.81 (0.17) | .81 | .79 | −4.80 |
| MGS—resting error (degree) | −1.19 (1.56) | −1.98 (1.73) | .62 | .62 | −66.67 |
| Neuropsychological measures | |||||
| Stroop color-word score | 41.00 (8.49) | 42.09 (9.95) | .54 | .47 | +2.66 |
| Controlled Oral Word Associationa | 36.28 (10.27) | 41.07 (12.26) | .65 | .71 | +13.20 |
| Trail-Making Test: part B timeb | 74.72 (28.65) | 63.90 (29.46) | .74 | .69 | +14.48 |
| CVLT: learning trials 1–5 | 46.43 (13.48) | 45.74 (11.55) | .56 | .55 | −1.49 |
| CVLT: long delay free recall | 10.61 (3.50) | 9.39 (3.71) | .52 | .42 | −11.50 |
| WMS-R visual reproduction I | 32.86 (5.32) | 33.69 (4.41) | .41 | .53 | +2.53 |
| WMS-R visual reproduction II | 30.76 (6.54) | 32.17 (6.19) | .47 | .64 | +4.58 |
| Trail-Making Test: part A timeb | 32.52 (17.72) | 32.38 (14.66) | .74 | .66 | −0.43 |
| WAIS-R digit span | 14.97 (3.98) | 14.90 (3.55) | .68 | .76 | −0.47 |
| WAIS-R digit symbol | 50.83 (8.73) | 53.38 (12.30) | .42 | .50 | +5.02 |
| Grooved pegs: dominant hand | 71.46 (16.30) | 76.93 (21.92) | .67 | .71 | −7.65 |
| Grooved pegs: nondominant hand | 80.75 (19.14) | 85.25 (16.35) | .61 | .65 | −5.57 |
Note: ICC, intraclass correlation; VGS, visually guided saccades; MGS, memory-guided saccades; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test;59 WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised;60 WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised.61
a
Multilingual Aphasia Examination.62
b
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery.63