Table 2.

Schizophrenia Susceptibility Genes and MR Structural Variations

Gene	Sample Studied	Findings	References
RGS4	First-episode, antipsychotic naïve schizophrenia and healthy subjects	Prefrontal cortex volume reduction in patients	Prasad et al149
	Healthy subjects	Prefrontal cortical gray and WM reduction; frontoparietal and frontotemporal network activity and network coupling while performing working memory tasks	Buckholtz et al150
COMT	Schizophrenia patients	Increased gray matter density in the STG associated with rs2097603 (a P2 promoter SNP) and increased WM density in the left inferior frontal pole associated with rs4680 (Val allele)	Zinkstok et al (2007)151
	Chronic schizophrenia patients	Decreased volume of left anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, amygdala uncus and left middle temporal gyrus associated with Val allele homozygosity	Ohnishi et al152
	First-episode, antipsychotic naïve schizophrenia and healthy subjects	Val/Val patients showed decreased gray matter in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and increased gray matter in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area compared with Met/Met patients	Prasad et al153
	First-episode nonaffective psychoses	Increased volume of lateral ventricles associated with Met/Met patients	Crespo-Faccoro et al154
	Individuals genetically at risk for schizophrenia	Subjects carrying Val allele had decreased anterior cingulate cortex	McIntosh et al155
	Healthy Subjects	Subjects homozygous for Val allele showed decreased temporal lobe and hippocampal volumes	Taylor et al156
PRODH	Schizophrenia patients	Bilateral frontal WM density reductions (rs2008720), decreased GM in the cerebellum, inferior frontal gyrus, and cuneus (rs450046), increased GM in STG, parahippocampal gyrus and inferior parietal lobe (rs372055)	Zinkstok et al151
DISC1	Normal control subjects	Reduced hippocampal gray matter volume associated with Ser allele of SNP10	Callicott et al157
	Monozygotic twin samples (with healthy and schizophrenia probands)	One haplotype block near the translocation break point (HEP1) associated with focal reductions in superior and inferior frontal gray matter; rare AATG haplotype of the combined HEP2/HEP3 segments associated with focal reductions in gray matter in the superior and middle frontal gyri and superior temporal and parietal cortexes	Cannon et al158
	Healthy subjects	Reduced volume of anterior and posterior cingulate gyri and increased volume of the lateral ventricle, interhemispheric fissure and the Sylvian fissure associated with Cys carrier status	Hashimoto et al159

GM, gray matter; RGS4, regulator of G-protein signaling, subtype 4; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; STG, superior temporal gyrus; WM, white matter; HEP1, haplotype block; HEP2 & HEP3: haplotype blocks.