Table 1.

Neural Oscillations in Cortical Networks

	Theta (4–7 Hz)	Alpha (8–12 Hz)	Beta (13–30 Hz)	Gamma (30–200 Hz)
Anatomy	Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, sensory cortex	Thalamus, hippocampus, reticular formation, sensory cortex, motor cortex	All cortical structures, subthalamic nucleus, hippocampus, basal ganglia, olfactory bulb	All brain structures, retina, olfactory bulb
Neurotransmitters	GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine	Glutamate, acetylcholine, serotonin	Glutamate, GABA, dopamine	GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine
Function	Memory, synaptic plasticity, top-down control, long-range synchronization	Inhibition, attention, consciousness, top-down control, long-range synchronization	Sensory gating, attention, perception, motor control, long-range synchronization	Perception, attention, memory, consciousness, synaptic plasticity, motor control

Note: GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid.