. 2008 Jul 29;34(5):856–874. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn083

Table 1.

Positive and Negative Affectivity Represented in Major Models of Personality

Model	Theorists	Negative Affectivity	Positive Affectivity	Other Traits	Questionnaires
Three-factor models	Clark and Watson	Positive temperament	Negative temperament	Disinhibition	GTS (L. A Clark, D. Watson, unpublished manuscript)
	Tellegen	Positive emotionality	Negative emotionality	Constraint	MPQ (A. Tellegen, unpublished manuscript)
	Eysenck	Neuroticism	Extraversion	Psychoticism	EPQ and EPQ—Revised²⁰⁹
Five-factor models	Costa and McCrae	Neuroticism	Extraversion	Openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness	NEO-personality inventory—revised and NEO-FFI²¹⁰
	Digman¹¹	Neuroticism	Extraversion	Intellect, friendly compliance, will to achieve
	Goldberg	Emotional stability (vs neuroticism)	Extraversion	Intellect/imagination, agreeableness, conscientiousness	Unipolar adjective markers¹²
	John	Neuroticism	Extraversion	Openness agreeableness, conscientiousness	Big Five Inventory²¹¹
Biosocial model	Cloninger	Harm avoidance	Novelty seeking (some facets), reward dependence (some facets)	Persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness, transcendence	TPQ, TCI²⁹

NA, Negative Affectivity; PA, Positive Affectivity; GTS, General Temperament Survey; MPQ, Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire; EPQ, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire; TPQ, Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire; TCI, Temperament and Character Inventory; NEO-FFI, NEO Five-Factor Inventory.