Table 4.
Patients vs Control Comparisons on the Cloninger's Biosocial Model Scales
| Study | Patients | Controls | Measure | Harm Avoidance (Effect Size) | Novelty Seeking (Effect Size) | Reward Dependence (Effect size) |
| Guillem et al.217 (Canada) | 52 chronic outpatients (71% male) | 25 | TCI | Patients > controls (1.42) | Patients < controls (−0.94) | Patients = controls (−0.25) |
| Szoke et al.218 (France) | 45 chronic inpatients (58% male) | 126 | TPQ | Patients > controls (1.98) | Patients = controls (0.27) | Patients = controls (0.03) |
| Ritsner and Susser, 2004100 (Israel) | 90 chronic outpatients (86% male) | 136 | TPQ | Patients > controls (1.01) | Patients = controls (−0.10) | Patients < controls (−0.82) |
| Kurs et al.105 (Israel) | 47 chronic outpatients (81% male) | 56 | TPQ | Patients > controls (1.03) | Patients = controls (−0.29) | Patients < controls (−0.95) |
| Boeker et al.101 (Germany) | 22 chronic inpatients with first-rank symptoms (45% male) | 22 | TCI | Patients = controls (0.53) | Patients = controls (−0.07) | Patients = controls (0.15) |
| Herran et al.62 (Spain) | 59 chronic outpatients (53% male) | 43 | TPQ | Patients > controls (0.66) | Patients = controls (−0.22) | Patients < controls (−0.44) |
| Calvo et al.131 (Argentina) | 11 untreated chronic subjects (73% male) | 12 | TCI | Patients > controls (uncorrected for multiple comparisons) | Patients = controls | Patients < controls |