Table 1.

Role of interleukin-17 (IL-17)/IL-23 in protection against specific bacterial, mycobacterial and fungal pathogens

Class	Pathogen	Protective	Effects of IL-17 and/or IL-23	References
Bacteria	Bacteroides fragilis	No	Contributes to intra-abdominal abscess formation	54
	Bordetella pertussis	Yes	Required for vaccine-primed protection	45
	Borrelia sp.	No	Contributes to development of arthritis	55
	Citrobacter rodentium	Yes	Increases survival	32
	Escherichia coli	Yes	Reduces bacterial burden	39
	Helicobacter pylori	No	Associated with chronic gastric inflammation	58,59
	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Yes	Reduces bacterial burden, increases survival	33,34
	Listeria monocytogenes	Yes	Reduces bacterial burden in liver, contributes to granuloma formation	42,43
	Mycoplasma pneumoniae	Yes	Enhances the kinetics of bacterial clearance	37
	Porphyromonas gingivalis	Yes	Prevents periodontal bone destruction	38
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	No	Associated with pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis	56,57
	Streptococcus pneumoniae	Yes	Prevents colonization	40
	Salmonella enterica	Yes	Reduces bacterial burden	41
Mycobacteria	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Yes	Enhances T helper type 1 memory response, reduces mycobacterial burden after vaccination	35,63,64
	Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG)	Yes	Contributes to acute neutrophil-mediated inflammation and granuloma formation	35,63,64
Fungi	Aspergillus fumigatus	No	Increases fungal burden (intranasal inoculation)	76
	Candida albicans	Yes	Reduces fungal burden, increases survival (intravenous inoculation or natural cutaneous infection)	31,73
	Candida albicans	No	Increases fungal burden (intragastric inoculation)	76
	Cryptococcus neoformans	Yes	Reduces fungal burden, increases survival	74
	Pneumocystis carinii	Yes	Reduces fungal burden	75