Table 1.

Discrimination (d′) and Bias (β) as a Function of Group and Interview

	d′ (Lie-detection ability)		β (Bias)
Group	M	SD	M	SD
Experiment 1 (Direct)
Customs officers	0.00	0.45	1.02	0.19
Police officers	−0.29**	0.46	1.09	0.28
University students	0.03	0.49	1.01	0.16
Experiment 2 (Moral discussion)
Customs officers	0.66***	0.56	1.06	0.33
Police officers	0.80***	0.73	1.07	0.42
University students	0.75***	0.73	1.07	0.40
Experiment 3 (Promise)
Customs officers	0.37***	0.53	1.05	0.16
Police officers	0.40***	0.44	0.95*	0.12
University students	0.49***	0.49	0.97	0.14
Experiment 4
Interview
Direct	0.03	0.51	1.06	0.34
Moral Discussion	0.73***	0.66	1.16*	0.68
Promise	0.18**	0.52	1.10**	0.36
Familiar	0.28***	0.33	1.08	0.32
Unfamiliar	0.19***	0.33	1.04	0.31

Note. Statistical tests comparedd′ to 0 and β to 1.

^*p < .05

^**p < .01

^***p < .001.