Table 3.
Clinical Characteristics of NESARC Respondents with Lifetime DSM-IV Drug Use Disorders by Antisocial Behavioral Syndrome (n=4,068)
| Males (n=2,428) | Females (n=1,640) | Total (n=4,068) | p-values | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic, % or mean (SE) |
ASPDa (n=498) |
AABSb (n=1,046) |
“CD Only”c (n=47) |
No Antisocial Behavioral Syndrome (n=837) | ASPDa (n=231) |
AABSb (n=675) |
“CD Only”c (n=30) |
No Antisocial Behavioral Syndrome (n=704) | ASPDa (n=729) |
AABSb (n=1721) |
“CD Only”c (n=77) |
No Antisocial Behavioral Syndrome (n=1541) | Antisocial Syndrome |
Sex * Antisocial Syndrome Interaction |
| Family history of drug problems | 55.2% (2.84) |
42.3% (1.76) |
20.4% (6.00) |
29.5% (1.95) |
71.7% (3.46) |
58.1% (2.43) |
77.1% (7.48) |
41.0% (2.39) |
59.8% (2.40) |
47.6% (1.44) |
41.6% (6.54) | 34.4% (1.57) | <0.0001 | 0.005 |
| Family history of antisocial behavior | 57.8% (3.00) | 46.6% (1.77) | 29.7% (7.24) | 23.3% (1.85) | 76.9% (3.55) | 63.3% (2.18) | 79.3% (7.55) | 37.4% (2.32) | 63.1% (2.39) | 52.2% (1.43) | 48.3% (6.68) | 29.3% (1.59) | <0.0001 | 0.06 |
| Age at first drug use | 14.9 (0.21) | 17.0 (0.18) | 17.5 (1.18) | 17.7 (0.18) | 14.8 (0.29) | 17.0 (0.22) | 15.2 (0.51) | 18.6 (0.34) | 14.8 (0.18) | 17.0 (0.15) | 16.6 (0.77) | 18.1 (0.19) | <0.0001 | 0.03 |
| Total categories of drugs ever used | <0.0001 | 0.28 | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 16.6% (1.99) | 26.5% (1.86) | 36.3% (8.01) | 40.4% (2.12) | 17.9% (3.38) | 26.7% (1.95) | 41.9% (11.56) | 44.0% (2.30) | 16.9% (1.70) | 26.6% (1.38) | 38.4% (6.64) | 42.0% (1.58) | ||
| 2 | 14.8% (1.85) | 16.7% (1.49) | 15.3% (5.82) | 25.4% (1.63) | 20.3% (3.30) | 20.2% (2.19) | 15.7% (6.70) | 25.1% (1.97) | 16.3% (1.56) | 17.8% (1.20) | 15.5% (4.36) | 25.2% (1.21) | ||
| 3–4 | 26.2% (2.55) | 26.6% (1.64) | 24.8% (7.65) | 20.6% (1.77) | 27.5% (3.58) | 24.8% (1.89) | 41.3% (11.57) | 20.2% (1.89) | 26.5% (1.99) | 26.0% (1.26) | 30.9% (6.75) | 20.4% (1.32) | ||
| >4 | 42.5% (2.71) | 30.2% (1.86) | 23.6% (7.12) | 13.6% (1.47) | 34.3% (3.87) | 28.3% (2.35) | 1.2% (1.19) | 10.7% (1.37) | 40.2% (2.29) | 29.6% (1.50) | 15.2% (4.83) | 12.4% (1.04) | ||
| Total categories of drugs associated with lifetime drug use disorders | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 44.0% (2.54) | 58.5% (1.98) | 72.8% (7.35) | 78.1% (1.90) | 48.2% (3.91) | 61.5% (2.10) | 60.8% (11.69) | 79.9% (1.64) | 45.1% (1.96) | 59.5% (1.51) | 68.3% (6.63) | 78.9% (1.31) | ||
| 2 | 22.0% (2.41) | 19.2% (1.37) | 15.6% (6.64) | 12.9% (1.25) | 21.0% (3.22) | 20.6% (1.92) | 22.7% (10.33) | 13.8% (1.44) | 21.7% (1.78) | 19.7% (1.12) | 18.2% (5.59) | 13.3% (0.94) | ||
| 3–4 | 16.3% (1.93) | 12.4% (1.36) | 10.2% (4.65) | 5.4% (1.21) | 19.8% (2.95) | 9.2% (1.26) | 16.5% (9.11) | 5.0% (0.98) | 17.3% (1.58) | 11.3% (1.00) | 12.6% (4.45) | 5.2% (0.86) | ||
| >4 | 17.7% (1.91) | 9.8% (1.27) | 1.5% (1.46) | 3.7% (0.79) | 10.9% (2.25) | 8.7% (1.41) | 0.0% (0.00) | 1.2% (0.42) | 15.9% (1.51) | 9.5% (0.92) | 0.9% (0.91) | 2.6% (0.49) | ||
| Age at onset of heaviest use of most frequently used drugd | 18.9 (0.35) | 20.7 (0.23) | 20.2 (1.36) | 20.5 (0.22) | 18.9 (0.50) | 20.1 (0.26) | 18.3 (2.10) | 21.2 (0.38) | 18.9 (0.30) | 20.5 (0.17) | 19.5 (1.13) | 20.8 (0.22) | <0.0001 | 0.11 |
| Duration of heaviest use of most frequently used drug,d weeks | 0.02 | 0.43 | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 52 | 36.3% (2.40) | 35.7% (1.85) | 34.1% (7.39) | 40.6% (2.05) | 42.0% (4.09) | 42.9% (2.16) | 38.2% (10.56) | 49.1% (2.39) | 37.9% (2.18) | 38.1% (1.41) | 35.6% (5.97) | 44.2% (1.53) | ||
| >52–104 | 15.9% (2.13) | 17.6% (1.41) | 18.4% (6.40) | 14.1% (1.44) | 13.0% (3.16) | 14.8% (1.57) | 24.0% (9.12) | 16.4% (1.78) | 15.1% (1.85) | 16.6% (1.13) | 20.5% (5.24) | 15.1% (1.10) | ||
| >104–261 | 19.6% (2.08) | 22.5% (1.49) | 28.6% (6.74) | 24.9% (1.84) | 27.0% (3.70) | 24.3% (1.91) | 23.2% (9.60) | 22.1% (2.06) | 21.7% (1.92) | 23.1% (1.16) | 26.6% (5.62) | 23.7% (1.33) | ||
| >261 | 28.2% (2.45) | 24.2% (1.71) | 18.9% (6.56) | 20.4% (1.48) | 17.9% (3.67) | 18.0% (1.86) | 14.6% (8.52) | 12.4% (1.33) | 25.4% (2.16) | 22.2% (1.33) | 17.3% (5.01) | 17.0% (0.99) | ||
| Frequency of heaviest use of most frequently used drug,d days per year | <0.0001 | 0.72 | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 12 | 5.7% (1.20) | 8.8% (0.99) | 1.8% (1.82) | 12.8% (1.76) | 4.9% (1.60) | 11.3% (1.42) | 16.9% (7.57) | 16.2% (1.69) | 5.4% (1.01) | 9.6% (0.77) | 7.5% (3.10) | 14.2% (1.22) | ||
| >12–104 | 15.8% (1.89) | 26.0% (1.62) | 43.8% (8.36) | 35.3% (2.10) | 15.0% (3.31) | 24.6% (1.86) | 24.5% (9.54) | 35.0% (2.21) | 15.6% (1.82) | 25.5% (1.33) | 36.6% (6.57) | 35.2% (1.48) | ||
| >104–312 | 23.0% (2.47) | 21.7% (1.58) | 23.1% (9.09) | 24.4% (1.80) | 20.8% (3.36) | 21.5% (1.77) | 29.1% (9.87) | 23.3% (1.97) | 22.4% (2.02) | 21.6% (1.15) | 25.4% (6.53) | 23.9% (1.31) | ||
| >312 | 55.6% (2.84) | 43.5% (1.76) | 31.2% (7.62) | 27.6% (1.86) | 59.3% (3.88) | 42.7% (2.24) | 29.4% (10.60) | 25.5% (1.77) | 56.6% (2.27) | 43.3% (1.43) | 30.5% (6.03) | 26.7% (1.36) | ||
| Total lifetime drug use disorder symptoms | <0.0001 | 0.87 | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 3 | 12.9% (1.95) | 22.2% (1.59) | 28.2% (6.78) | 42.1% (2.11) | 6.7% (2.12) | 17.2% (1.66) | 26.0% (10.31) | 37.2% (2.15) | 11.1% (1.53) | 20.6% (1.22) | 27.4% (5.80) | 40.0% (1.60) | ||
| 4–8 | 22.5% (2.30) | 30.5% (1.68) | 38.4% (7.61) | 30.7% (1.69) | 18.5% (3.15) | 29.7% (2.02) | 27.6% (10.19) | 31.7% (2.31) | 21.4% (1.90) | 30.3% (1.27) | 34.4% (6.47) | 31.1% (1.41) | ||
| 9–16 | 26.0% (2.72) | 23.6% (1.57) | 22.8% (6.92) | 16.4% (1.60) | 26.9% (4.03) | 24.3% (2.17) | 25.2% (10.03) | 20.0% (1.74) | 26.2% (2.28) | 23.8% (1.25) | 23.7% (5.70) | 17.9% (1.26) | ||
| >16 | 38.7% (2.49) | 23.6% (1.42) | 10.6% (5.44) | 10.8% (1.45) | 48.0% (4.16) | 28.8% (2.01) | 21.2% (9.86) | 11.2% (1.45) | 41.3% (2.15) | 25.3% (1.18) | 14.6% (5.07) | 11.0% (1.07) | ||
| Age at first onset of drug use disorder | 18.2 (0.27) | 19.9 (0.22) | 21.9 (1.62) | 20.2 (0.22) | 17.9 (0.52) | 19.9 (0.27) | 16.5 (0.66) | 21.1 (0.39) | 18.1 (0.24) | 19.9 (0.17) | 20.0 (1.11) | 20.6 (0.22) | <0.0001 | 0.003 |
| Number of lifetime episodes of drug use disorder | 0.0001 | 0.25 | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 60.9% (2.73) | 67.4% (1.90) | 73.9% (6.92) | 75.1% (2.00) | 61.2% (3.80) | 69.6% (2.11) | 65.9% (10.76) | 78.8% (2.08) | 61.0% (2.39) | 68.1% (1.47) | 71.0% (5.99) | 76.7% (1.42) | ||
| 2 | 13.3% (2.03) | 15.3% (1.44) | 11.7% (5.16) | 10.1% (1.35) | 14.1% (2.74) | 13.0% (1.59) | 5.8% (4.87) | 12.0% (1.54) | 13.5% (1.64) | 14.5% (1.15) | 9.6% (3.81) | 10.9% (1.06) | ||
| 3–4 | 12.0% (1.70) | 7.8% (1.06) | 11.4% (6.04) | 7.4% (1.20) | 12.2% (2.37) | 9.4% (1.43) | 18.2% (10.05) | 4.9% (1.17) | 12.0% (1.52) | 8.3% (0.88) | 13.8% (5.39) | 6.4% (0.81) | ||
| >4 | 13.9% (1.83) | 9.6% (1.12) | 3.0% (2.80) | 7.4% (1.13) | 12.5% (3.07) | 8.0% (1.18) | 10.1% (5.67) | 4.3% (0.93) | 13.5% (1.68) | 9.0% (0.83) | 5.5% (2.65) | 6.1% (0.73) | ||
| Duration of longest or only episode of drug use disorder, months | 0.0001 | 0.25 | ||||||||||||
| 1–5 | 19.1% (2.13) | 23.6% (1.85) | 24.0% (7.08) | 27.2% (1.86) | 23.7% (3.33) | 21.6% (1.99) | 30.2% (11.45) | 33.2% (2.34) | 20.4% (1.72) | 22.9% (1.43) | 26.4% (6.55) | 29.8% (1.52) | ||
| >5–12 | 23.6% (2.65) | 23.4% (1.72) | 36.2% (8.95) | 26.5% (2.08) | 25.0% (3.90) | 28.4% (2.34) | 43.3% (10.88) | 30.8% (2.31) | 24.0% (2.05) | 25.1% (1.40) | 38.9% (7.02) | 28.3% (1.54) | ||
| >12–48 | 28.4% (2.73) | 25.9% (1.70) | 20.8% (6.76) | 28.2% (1.83) | 25.5% (3.79) | 28.3% (2.17) | 24.2% (8.12) | 22.0% (1.79) | 27.5% (2.11) | 26.7% (1.30) | 22.1% (5.40) | 25.6% (1.25) | ||
| >48 | 29.0% (2.58) | 27.1% (1.79) | 19.1% (6.31) | 18.1% (1.60) | 25.8% (3.46) | 21.7% (2.02) | 2.3% (2.28) | 14.0% (1.59) | 28.1% (1.97) | 25.3% (1.47) | 12.7% (4.11) | 16.4% (1.17) | ||
| Ever treated for drug use disorder | 26.2% (2.39) | 16.7% (1.39) | 2.3% (1.82) | 8.7% (1.16) | 30.8% (3.40) | 18.1% (1.79) | 4.8% (3.79) | 8.3% (1.19) | 27.5% (1.97) | 17.2% (1.04) | 3.2% (1.83) | 8.6% (0.84) | <0.0001 | 0.77 |
| Age at first treatment for drug use disorder | 22.9 (0.83) | 26.7 (0.70) | 25.2 (4.46) | 27.6 (1.08) | 22.0 (1.23) | 24.7 (0.86) | 14.2 (1.31) | 27.6 (1.41) | 22.6 (0.70) | 26.0 (0.54) | 19.1 (3.35) | 27.6 (0.85) | <0.0001 | 0.14 |
| Any lifetime mood disorder | 53.3% (2.59) | 37.3% (1.88) | 32.9% (7.42) | 18.5% (1.65) | 76.9% (3.34) | 56.6% (2.36) | 58.7% (11.29) | 41.5% (2.13) | 59.9% (2.11) | 43.8% (1.54) | 42.6% (6.06) | 28.3% (1.50) | <0.0001 | 0.25 |
| Any lifetime anxiety disorder | 38.7% (2.77) | 27.0% (1.66) | 29.1% (8.46) | 16.2% (1.43) | 56.9% (4.13) | 42.6% (2.19) | 58.8% (10.76) | 34.6% (2.32) | 43.7% (2.33) | 32.2% (1.40) | 40.2% (6.65) | 24.0% (1.29) | <0.0001 | 0.38 |
| Any lifetime alcohol use disorder | 89.5% (1.88) | 88.0% (1.24) | 73.1% (9.17) | 77.8% (1.68) | 85.3% (2.89) | 78.8% (1.93) | 62.1% (11.54) | 61.9% (2.29) | 88.3% (1.52) | 85.0% (1.08) | 69.0% (7.31) | 71.0% (1.48) | <0.0001 | 0.74 |
| Lifetime nicotine dependence | 64.0% (2.67) | 54.8% (1.87) | 31.8% (7.21) | 37.5% (2.13) | 71.8% (3.62) | 57.9% (2.35) | 54.5% (10.65) | 40.1% (2.28) | 66.2% (2.21) | 55.8% (1.54) | 40.3% (6.56) | 38.6% (1.70) | <0.0001 | 0.38 |
| Lifetime pathological gambling | 3.9% (1.18) | 1.6% (0.47) | 0.0% (0.00) | 0.5% (0.25) | 1.7% (0.69) | 1.5% (0.43) | 2.3% (2.29) | 1.0% (0.58) | 3.3% (0.87) | 1.6% (0.35) | 0.9% (0.86) | 0.7% (0.29) | 0.03 | e |
| Any additional personality disorder | 44.5% (3.05) | 27.8% (1.65) | 14.9% (6.98) | 10.1% (1.26) | 51.8% (4.42) | 36.8% (2.19) | 39.6% (10.80) | 17.3% (1.56) | 46.5% (2.33) | 30.8% (1.37) | 24.1% (6.23) | 13.1% (1.02) | <0.0001 | 0.40 |
a
ASPD: antisocial personality disorder.
b
AABS: adult antisocial behavior without conduct disorder before age 15.
c
“CD Only”: conduct disorder without adult antisocial behavior.
d
Most frequently used drug (lifetime): cannabis (72.1% ± 1.00), cocaine (9.6% ± 0.64), stimulants (4.8% ± 0.48), opiates other than heroin (4.1% ± 0.40), hallucinogens (3.00% ± 0.32), sedatives (1.7% ± 0.23), inhalants or solvents (1.4% ± 0.23), tranquilizers or heroin (1.1% ± 0.19 each), and any other drug (1.1% ± 0.23).
e
Significance of sex
*
antisocial syndrome interaction could not be tested due to small cell sizes.