Table 4.
Effect of diet programs on metabolic syndrome parameters and fasting lipid profiles
| Low glycemic, reduced-calorie diet group (n = 29) | Low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet group (n = 21) | |||||
| Test | Week 0 | Week 24 | Week 0 to 24 | Week 0 | Week 24 | Week 0 to 24 |
| mean ± sd | mean ± sd | mean change | mean ± sd | mean ± sd | mean change | |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 166.8 ± 63.7 | 150.8 ± 47.4 | -16.0 * | 178.1 ± 72.9 | 158.2 ± 50.0 | -19.9* |
| Waist circumference, inches | 47.0 ± 5.1 | 42.4 ± 5.5 | -4.6 * | 47.1 ± 5.5 | 41.8 ± 5.3 | -5.3 * |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 167.1 ± 125.7 | 147.8 ± 128.5 | -19.3 | 210.4 ± 10.3 | 142.9 ± 76.9 | -67.5 * |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 48.7 ± 11.8 | 48.7 ± 10.1 | -0 † | 44.0 ± 8.7 | 49.6 ± 11.7 | +5.6 * † |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 140.8 ± 15.7 | 130.1 ± 17.1 | -10.7 * | 144.4 ± 15.0 | 127.8 ± 13.4 | -16.6 * |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 84.1 ± 11.0 | 78.5 ± 8.7 | -5.6 * | 83.9 ± 10.3 | 75.8 ± 10.9 | -8.1 * |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 37.9 ± 6.0 | 35.2 ± 6.1 | -2.7 * † | 37.8 ± 6.7 | 33.9 ± 5.8 | -3.9 * † |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 190.6 ± 43.8 | 184.8 ± 45.6 | -5.8 | 191.4 ± 32.0 | 187.0 ± 35.8 | -4.4 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 113.8 ± 40.9 | 111.0 ± 42.2 | -2.8 | 105.8 ± 25.7 | 107.1 ± 26.3 | +1.3 |
| VLDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 27.7 ± 13.2 | 24.4 ± 12.3 | -3.3* | 37.3 ± 14.9 | 27.3 ± 15.2 | -10.0* |
| Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | -0.2 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 4.1 | -0.4 |
| Triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.9 ± 3.7 | 3.3 ± 3.1 | -0.6 | 5.2 ± 3.4 | 3.4 ± 3.0 | -1.8* |
These changes were observed with a reduction or elimination of diabetic medication as shown in Table 3.
HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; VLDL = very-low-density lipoprotein
* p < 0.05 for within-group change from Baseline to Week 24.
† p < 0.05, for between-groups comparison of changes from Baseline to Week 24.
P values with adjustment for baseline values: fasting glucose: 0.76, waist circumference: 0.43, triglycerides: 0.17, HDL: 0.09, systolic blood pressure: 0.89, diastolic blood pressure: 0.48, body mass index: 0.10, total cholesterol: 0.85, LDL: 0.79, VLDL: 0.24, total cholesterol/HDL ratio: 0.92, triglyceride/HDL ratio: 0.54.