Table 2.

Anti-neuropilin strategies

Factor	Mechanism	Reference
Semaphorins	Competition for VEGF165 binding to NRPs; Repulsion of EC (SEMA3F)	28; 29
Anti-NRP antibody	Inhibition of VEGF165 binding to full-length NRP; Additive effect with anti-VEGF in tumor growth inhibition	4
Soluble NRP	Inhibition of VEGF165 signaling; antitumor activity	55; 56
NRP B domain	Inhibition of VEGF165 binding to full-length NRP	8
VEGF165 (137–160)1	Inhibition of VEGF-induced EC proliferation	58
ATWLLPR (A7R)2	Inhibition of VEGF165 binding to NRP; Antiangiogenic and antitumor activity	61
EG32873	Inhibition of VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and downstream signaling	59
TKPPR4	Inhibition of VEGFR-2 activation	60

¹VEGF₁₆₅ fragment consisting of exon 7 (amino acids 22–44) and the first amino acid of exon 8, a cysteine residue;

²Peptide identified by screening a mutated phage library against an anti-VEGF antibody that blocks VEGF₁₆₅-dependent EC proliferation;

³Byciclic peptide consisting of exon 7 (amino acids 23–4) and exon 8;

⁴Tuftsin-like peptide (TKPR). Homologous to VEGF₁₆₅ exon 8.