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. 2007 Jul-Aug;2(4):317–318. doi: 10.4161/psb.2.4.4116

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic of signaling pathways including ROS, ABA and ethylene regulation of germination of mustard seeds imbibed in water or sunflower foliar extract. Sunflower allelochemicals enhanced ROS production, leading to enlargement in membrane deterioration.12 Declined ACS and ACO activity resulted in decreased ethylene synthesis.18 Perturbation in hormonal balance: high concentration of ABA and low ethylene evolution made seeds “artificially” dormant. Low energy supply due to suppression in reserve (lipids and proteins) mobilization inhibition ICL - isocitrate lyase and endopeptidase activity) slowed down energy (ATP) generation11 in the catabolic phase of germination and finally blocked radicle protrusion.