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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jan 23.
Published in final edited form as: Behav Brain Res. 2008 Oct 2;196(2):328–332. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.09.022

Table 1.

Demographic and Neuropsychological Information of Participants

Incidental
(n = 24)		 Intentional-Without-Knowledge
(n = 8)		 Intentional-With-Knowledge
(n = 17)
Sex (M/F)
Age
Education
Self-Rated Health
Stress Score		 8/16
70.7 (5.1)
17.3 (2.9)
4.6 (0.5)
19.7 (2.9)		 5/3
71.3 (6.7)
16.4 (3.0)
4.4 (0.7)
20.8 (4.5)		 7/10
70.7 (4.7)
17.6 (1.8)
4.5 (0.7)
20.4 (3.6)
Vocabulary
Digit Span
 Forward
 Backward
Digit Symbol		 53.8 (6.9)

10.2 (2.6)
7.4 (3.1)a
66.5 (20.2		 48.8 (10.8)

9.1 (1.4)
5.6 (1.9)b
52.3 (7.9)		 52.9 (7.4)

10.2 (1.8)
7.6 (2.3)a
57.7 (20.4)

Standard deviations are listed next to mean values in parentheses.

a,b

= Significant group differences were found between measures of digit span backwards in Intentional-Without-Knowledge subjects (b) as compared to other instruction groups (a). No other significant differences were found.