Table 2. Hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals for hepatocellular carcinoma according to tertile of intake of nutrient, JPHC study (n=19 998).
| Lowest | Middle | Highest | P trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retinol | ||||
| Median (mg day−1) | 114.8 | 282.7 | 397.2 | |
| No. of cases/person-years of follow-up | 33/78 650 | 34/78 824 | 34/78 338 | |
| Age, area, sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.75–2.03) | 1.37 (0.84–2.23) | 0.20 |
| Multivariate HRa (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.26 (0.76–2.10) | 1.07 (0.64–1.79) | 0.65 |
| α-carotene | ||||
| Median (mg day−1) | 50.4 | 146.6 | 561.2 | |
| No. of cases/person-years of follow-up | 40/78 660 | 28/78 756 | 33/78 395 | |
| Age, area, sex-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.48–1.27) | 0.81 (0.51–1.29) | 0.34 |
| Multivariate HRa (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.44–1.22) | 0.69 (0.42–1.15) | 0.14 |
| β-carotene | ||||
| Median (mg day−1) | 602.2 | 1355.7 | 2319.0 | |
| No. of cases/person-years of follow-up | 39/78 628 | 30/79 082 | 32/78 101 | |
| Age, area, sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.54–1.41) | 0.79 (0.49–1.26) | 0.31 |
| Multivariate HRa (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.50–1.35) | 0.64 (0.38–1.08) | 0.10 |
| Vitamin C | ||||
| Median (mg day−1) | 36.4 | 67.8 | 93.9 | |
| No. of cases/person-years of follow-up | 23/78 495 | 34/78 964 | 44/78 352 | |
| Age, area, sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.41 (0.82–2.40) | 1.33 (0.79–2.24) | 0.39 |
| Multivariate HRa (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.74 (0.996–3.06) | 1.38 (0.80–2.40) | 0.44 |
CI=confidence interval; HBsAg=HBV antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HR=hazard ratio.
a
Adjusted for age, area, sex, HCV, HBsAg, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus and intake of coffee and genistein.