Table 1.
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing fetal growth and development
| Factor | Reference | |
| Intrinsic | ||
| Genetics | 47–48 | |
| Ethnicity | 49,50 | |
| Fetal number | 51 | |
| Hormones e.g. GH | 52 | |
| Growth factors e.g. IGFs. | 53,54 | |
| Infection | 55 | |
| Extrinsic | ||
| Pre-pregnancy weight | 56,57 | |
| Maternal (uterine) size | 58,59 | |
| Maternal age | 60–62 | |
| Maternal nutrition | 63 | |
| Maternal parity | 64 | |
| Maternal body condition | 65 | |
| Maternal smoking | 66–68 | |
| Alcohol consumption | 69 | |
| Socio-economic factors | 70,71 | |
| Placental insufficiency | 72 | |
| Placental vascularisation | 73 | |
| Paternal height | 74 | |