Table 1.
Factor | Reference | |
Intrinsic | ||
Genetics | 47–48 | |
Ethnicity | 49,50 | |
Fetal number | 51 | |
Hormones e.g. GH | 52 | |
Growth factors e.g. IGFs. | 53,54 | |
Infection | 55 | |
Extrinsic | ||
Pre-pregnancy weight | 56,57 | |
Maternal (uterine) size | 58,59 | |
Maternal age | 60–62 | |
Maternal nutrition | 63 | |
Maternal parity | 64 | |
Maternal body condition | 65 | |
Maternal smoking | 66–68 | |
Alcohol consumption | 69 | |
Socio-economic factors | 70,71 | |
Placental insufficiency | 72 | |
Placental vascularisation | 73 | |
Paternal height | 74 |