Table 3.
Univariate analysis of gametocytaemia at enrolment
|
% (N) with gametocytes at enrolment OR [95% CI] P-value |
||||
|
All (N = 10,920) |
Thailand (N = 7,502) |
The Gambia (N = 2,018) |
Tanzania (N = 1400) |
|
| Total1 | 6 (680) < 0.0011 |
4 (318) |
12 (250) |
8 (112) |
| Age (years)2 | ||||
| 0–5 | 8 (270) | 2 (31) | 13 (151) | 11 (88) |
| 5–15 | 5 (203) | 3(90) | 13 (99) | 5 (14) |
| > 15 | 6 (207) | 6 (197) | 0 (0) | 4 (10) |
| 0.980 [0.971–0.988] | 0.986 [0.975–0.997] | 0.962 [0.917–1.009] | 0.966 [0.950–0.983] | |
| < 0.001 | < 0.013 | 0.114 | < 0.001 | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Yes | 3 (195) | 2 (103) | No Data | 10 (92) |
| No | 5 (17) | 4 (7) | 8 (10) | |
| 0.962 [0.576–1.608] | 0.510 [0.228–1.142] | 1.330 [0.673–2.627] | ||
| 0.883 | 0.095 | 0.410 | ||
| History of illness | ||||
| = 3 days | 6 (64) | 4 (28) | No Data | 11 (36) |
| < 3 days | 3 (147) | 2 (79) | 8 (68) | |
| 1.659 [1.214–2.267] | 1.978 [1.250–3.130] | 1.445 [0.943–2.216] | ||
| 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.089 | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 5 (223) | 2 (59) | 19 (114) | 10 (50) |
| Female | 5 (190) | 2 (51) | 16 (85) | 8 (54) |
| 1.129 [0.918–1.389] | 0.912 [0.623–1.336] | 1.213 [0.888–1.657] | 1.271 [0.848–1.905] | |
| 0.250 | 0.637 | 0.225 | 0.244 | |
| Severe Anaemia | ||||
| Yes | 33 (36) | 17 (7) | 43 (27) | 40 (2) |
| No | 5 (304) | 2 (83) | 13 (200) | 34 (21) |
| 4.475 [2.856–7.011]4 | 10.331 [4.459–23.462]4 | 4.322 [2.494–7.491] | 1.238 [0.189–8.126] | |
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.834 | |
| Anaemia | ||||
| Yes | 14 (204) | 6 (47) | 21 (144) | 50 (13) |
| No | 3 (136) | 1 (43) | 9 (83) | 26 (10) |
| 2.921 [2.305–3.703]4 | 4.346 [2.902–6.510]4 | 2.477 [1.830–3. 354] | 2.900 [0.970–8.671] | |
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.050 | |
| Haematocrit2 | 0.877 [0.860–0.895]4 | 0.819 [0.789–0.850]4 | 0.897 [0.874–0.920] | 0.942 [0.882–1.007] |
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.080 | |
| Palpable liver | ||||
| Yes | 7 (72) | 3 (28) | 20 (44) | No Data |
| No | 4 (227) | 2 (75) | 17 (152) | |
| 1.613 [1.178–2.209] | 1.978 [1.269–3.084] | 1.355 [0.868–2.116] | ||
| 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.179 | ||
| Palpable spleen | ||||
| Yes | 8 (137) | 3 (38) | 19 (99) | No Data |
| No | 3 (164) | 2 (64) | 16 (100) | |
| 1.552 [1.296–1.998]4 | 2.183 [1.464–3.254]4 | 1.288 [0.928–1.786] | ||
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.129 | ||
| Axillary Temperature | ||||
| > = 37.5C | 3 (133) | 1 (41) | 13 (92) | No Data |
| < 37.5C | 7 (176) | 3 (68) | 24 (107) | |
| 0.494 [0.404–0.604] | 0.660 [0.554–0.786] | 0.502 [0.367–0.687] | ||
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Mixed infection on admission | ||||
| Yes | - | 1 (6) | No Data | No Data |
| No | 5 (312) | |||
| 0.354 [0.152–0.821] | ||||
| 0.011 | ||||
| Parasitaemia2,3(/μL) | ||||
| ≤ 1,600 | 7 (170) | 5 (88) | 22(26) | 14(56) |
| 1,600–4,000 | 6 (101) | 5 (54) | 14(20) | 6 (27) |
| 4,000–20,000 | 8 (224) | 5 (195) | 20(100) | 7 (19) |
| > 20,000 | 5 (185) | 3 (71) | 8(104) | 3 (10) |
| 0.688 [0.632–0.749]4 | 0.517 [0.443–0.604] | 0.600 [0.495–0.728] | 0.681 [0.543–0.853] | |
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | |
1 p-value from chi-square test
2 OR and test for the continuous representation;
3 The Gambia, Thailand: OR calculated for log10 parasitaemia; Tanzania, All : OR for ordered categories, p-value is for test for trend.
4 p-value for homogeneity < 0.05