Table 5.
World-wide occurrence of trichothecenes and zearalenone in cereals.
| Product | Detected/total | Range | Countries | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DON: 0/38 | DON: nd | |||
| Corn | Argentina | 153 | ||
| ZEA: 0/38 | ZEA: nd | |||
| DON: 0/78 | DON: nd–60 ng/g | |||
| NIV: 0/78 | NIV: nd–40 ng/g | |||
| Corn | DAS: 0/78 | DAS: 20–120 ng/g | Brazil | 154 |
| T-2: 1/78 | T-2: 20–100 ng/g | |||
| HT-2: 1/78 | HT-2: 20–100 ng/g | |||
| DON: 3/4 | DON: 0.065 μg/g | |||
| Corn | Poland | 155 | ||
| NIV: 3/4 | NIV: 0.13 μg/g | |||
| DON: 8/40 | DON: 204–745 μg/kg | |||
| Corn | Nigeria | 156 | ||
| DAS: 1.5/17 | DAS: 23–51 μg/kg | |||
| NIV: 6/31 | NIV: 12–2440 ng/g | |||
| DON: 6/31 | DON: 5–2060 ng/g | |||
| Corn | Italy (Central Italy) | 157 | ||
| FUS-X: 5/31 | FUS-X: 26–420 ng/g | |||
| ZEA: 5/31 | ZEA: nd–384 ng/g | |||
| NIV: 1/11 | NIV: 200 ng/g | |||
| DON: 11/11 | DON: 45–3430 ng/g | Italy (North-western Italy) | ||
| Corn | 157 | |||
| FUS-X: 1/11 | FUS-X: 34 ng/g | |||
| ZEA: 17/11 | ZEA: nd–969 ng/g | |||
| NIV: 0/4 | NIV: nd | |||
| DON: 3/4 | DON: 68–967 ng/g | |||
| Corn | Italy (Po valley) | 157 | ||
| FUS-X: 0/4 | FUS-X: nd | |||
| ZEA: 0/4 | ZEA: nd | |||
| DON: 4/21 | DON: nd- 834.4 μg/kg | |||
| Corn | Argentina | 143 | ||
| ZEA: 11/23 | ZEA: nd- 2564.8 μg/kg | |||
| Corn | T-2: 8/30 | T-2: 0.45–1.70 ppm | Turkey | 81 |
| DON: 47/175 | DON: 26.1–131.7 μg/kg | |||
| Corn | Spain | 158 | ||
| NIV: 7/175 | NIV: 51.1–106.5 μg/kg | |||
| Corn | ZEA: 3/20 | ZEA: 12–17 μg/kg | Morocco | 139 |
| Corn | TTCs: 42/196 | TTCs: <2–600 μg/kg | Saudi Arabia | 159 |
| Corn | ZEA: 10/10 | ZEA: 20–50 μg/kg | Côte d’Ivoire | 144 |
| Corn | ZEA: 41/49 | ZEA: 0.9–2.54 μg/kg | Croatia | 145 |
| DON: 0/6 | DON: nd | |||
| Corn | ZEA: 0/6 | ZEA: nd | Canada | 147 |
| NIV-HT-2: 0/6 | NIV-HT-2: nd | |||
| DON: 58.8/60 | DON: 15–1379 μg/kg | |||
| NIV: 7.2/60 | NIV: 25–40 μg/kg | |||
| HT-2: 4.2/60 | HT-2: 12 μg/kg | |||
| Wheat | Germany | 160 | ||
| T-2: 1.2/60 | T-2: 4 μg/kg | |||
| ZEA: 22.8/60 | ZEA: 1–24 μg/kg | |||
| FUS-X: 0/60 | FUS-X: 0 | |||
| DON: 108/121 | DON: 10–2591 μg/kg | |||
| NIV: 57/120 | NIV: 10–234 μg/kg | |||
| Wheat | HT-2: 6/36 | HT-2: nd–33 μg/kg | Denmark | 161 |
| T-2: 11/38 | T-2: nd–153 μg/kg | |||
| ZEA: 10/30 | ZEA: 1–2 μg/kg | |||
| Wheat | DON: 8/12 | DON: 0.01 μg/g | Poland | 155 |
| DON: 144/150 | DON: Tr-642 μg/kg | |||
| Wheat | Lithuania | 162 | ||
| ZEA: 32/100 | ZEA: Tr-95.6 μg/kg | |||
| Wheat | T-2: 0/3 | T-2: nd | Turkey | 81 |
| Wheat | TTCs: 0/1 | TTCs: nd | Saudi Arabia | 159 |
| DON: 23.17/169 | DON: 350 μg/kg (max) | |||
| NIV: 0/169 | NIV: 10 μg/kg (max) | |||
| Wheat | Norway | 163 | ||
| HT-2: 1.86/169 | HT-2: 20 μg/kg (max) | |||
| T-2: 1.24/169 | T-2: 20 μg/kg (max) | |||
| Wheat | ZEA: 22/24 | ZEA: 11–860 μg/kg | Germany | 164 |
| DON: 10/10 | DON: 0.025 μg/g | |||
| Barley | Poland | 155 | ||
| NIV: 10/10 | NIV: 0.04 μg/g | |||
| DON: 53/55 | DON: Tr-372 μg/kg | |||
| Barley | Lithuania | 162 | ||
| ZEA: 38/66 | ZEA: Tr-193.4 μg/kg | |||
| Barley | DON: 157.45/292 | DON: 500–10.000 μg/kg | Uruguay | 165 |
| Barley | TTCs: 8/93 | TTCs: 3.1–4.000 μg/kg | Saudi Arabia | 159 |
| DON: 17.6/102 | DON: 1440μg/kg (max) | |||
| NIV: 11.2/102 | NIV: 50 μg/kg (max) | |||
| Barley | Norway | 163 | ||
| HT-2: 39.78/102 | HT-2: 440 μg/kg (max) | |||
| T-2: 8.16/102 | T-2: 220 μg/kg (max) | |||
| Barley | DON-NIV: 41/84 | DON-NIV: 40–2340 μg/kg | Ethiopia | 166 |
| DON: 29/50 | DON: 980 ng/g (max) | |||
| Barley | ZEA: 4/29 | ZEA: 22 ng/g (max) | Canada | 147 |
| NIV-HT-2: 0/75 | NIV-HT-2: nd | |||
| HT-2:24/99 | HT-2: 10–47 μg/kg | |||
| Oats | T-2:15/99 | T-2: 10–703 μg/kg | Poland | 167 |
| ZEA:19/99 | ZEA: 10–118 μg/kg | |||
| DON: 12/12 | DON: 0.027 μg/g | |||
| Oats | Poland | 167 | ||
| NIV: 12/12 | NIV: 0.033 μg/g | |||
| DON: 13/14 | DON: Tr-204 μg/kg | |||
| Oats | ZEA: 4/7 | ZEA: Tr-16.3 μg/kg | Lithuania | 162 |
| T-2: 10/10 | T-2: 10.8–121.5 μg/kg | |||
| Oats | T-2: 0/1 | T-2: nd | Turkey | 81 |
| HT-2: 24/99 | HT-2: 10–47 μg/kg | |||
| Oats | T-2: 15/99 | T-2: 10–703 μg/kg | Poland | 167 |
| DAS: 12/99 | DAS: 10–118 μg/kg | |||
| Oats | TTCs: 0/3 | TTCs:nd | Saudi Arabia | 159 |
| DON: 101.96/178 | DON: 849 μg/kg (max) | |||
| NIV: 17.6/178 | NIV: 211 μg/kg (max) | |||
| Oats | Norway | 163 | ||
| HT-2: 124.04/178 | HT-2: 880 μg/kg (max) | |||
| T-2: 53.32/178 | T-2: 380 μg/kg (max) | |||
| DON: 33/53 | DON: 90 ng/g (max) | |||
| Oats | ZEA: 0/6 | ZEA: nd | Canada | 147 |
| NIV-HT-2: 0/53-0/53 | NIV-HT-2: nd | |||
| DON: 10/10 | DON: 0.023 μg/g | |||
| Rye | Poland | 155 | ||
| NIV: 5/10 | NIV: 0.002 μg/g | |||
| DON: 14/16 | DON: Tr-691 μg/kg | |||
| Rye | Lithuania | 162 | ||
| ZEA: 0/10 | ZEA: 0–28.8 μg/kg | |||
| DON: 41/69 | DON: 10–257 μg/kg | |||
| NIV: 9/69 | NIV: nd–48 μg/kg | |||
| Rye | HT-2: 11/26 | HT-2: 10–70 μg/kg | Denmark | 161 |
| T-2: 12/25 | T-2: nd–193 μg/kg | |||
| ZEA: 2/30 | ZEA: 1–2 μg/kg | |||
| DON: 3/88 | DON: 105– 159 ng/g | |||
| Rice | NIV: 5/88 | NIV: 182– 462 ng/g | Korea | 150 |
| ZEA: 3/88 | ZEA: 21.7– 47.0 ng/g | |||
| Rice | TTCs: 0/2 | TTCs: nd | Saudi Arabia | 159 |
| Rice | ZEA: 10/10 | ZEA: 50–200 μg/kg | Côte d’Ivoire | 144 |
| DON: 0/9 | DON: nd | |||
| Rice | ZEA: 1/7 | ZEA: 1 ng/g (max) | Canada | 147 |
| NIV-HT-2: 0/27 | NIV-HT-2: nd | |||
| Cereals | DAS: 0/69 | DAS: nd- 0.8 μg/g | Turkey | 106 |
| Cereals | DON: 169.68/202 | DON: 0.007–0930 μg/g | Italy | 151 |
| Cereals | T-2: 2/30 | T-2: 1.60–33.30 ppm | Turkey | 168 |
| DON: 12/12 | DON: 16–51 450 μg/kg | |||
| Cereals | NIV: 10/12 | NIV: 10–6935 μg/kg | China | 169 |
| ZEA: 10/12 | ZEA: 46–3079 μg/kg | |||
| DON:54/68 | DON: 5–111 μg/kg | |||
| Cereals | NIV:3/68 | NIV: 10–20 μg/kg | Finland | 170 |
| HT-2:2/68 | HT-2: 10–20 μg/kg | |||
| DON: 126/169 | DON: 15–1670 μg/kg | |||
| NIV: 0.21/4 | NIV: 25–231 μg/kg | |||
| Cereals | FUS-X: 0 | FUS-X: nd | Germany | 171 |
| HT2: 11.38/43 | HT-2: 12–51 μg/kg | |||
| T-2: 1.43/10 | T-2: 4–39 μg/kg |
Tr: traces; nd: not detected; TTCs: Total trichothecenes.