Table 1.

Toxicological effects of type B trichothecenes on animals.

Type B trichothecene	Molecular formula	Toxicity	Comments	Ref.
deoxynivalenol (DON)	C15H20O6	emesis and feed refusal in swine, IgA nephropathy in mice, alter humoral immunity in mice, inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis in human cell lines, activation of MAPK in human cell lines, activation of cytokines in murine and human cells, LD50 in ddS strain of male mice dosed IP was 70 mg/kg; females, 76.7 mg/kg, IC50 for the inhibition of DNA synthesis was 1.50 mM in mouse 3T3 cells, LD50 values for DON were estimated to be 78 mg/kg (oral) and 49 mg/kg (i.p.) in the B6C3F1 mouse	Major mycotoxin in scabby cereals	[4, 12–21]
nivalenol (NIV)	C15H20O7	LD50 in mice dosed IP was 5 mg/kg, induced apoptosis in thymus, spleen and Peyer's patches of mice, IC50 for the inhibition of DNA synthesis was 1.19 mM in mouse 3T3 cells	Another major type B trichothecene co-occurred with DON	[16, 18–20, 22]
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol	C17H22O7	LD50 in ddS strain of male mice dosed IP was 49.5 mg/kg; females, 49.9 mg/kg, IC50 for the inhibition of DNA synthesis was 14.4 mM in mouse 3T3 cells	biosynthetic precursor of DON in fungi	[16, 20]
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol	C17H22O7	IC50 for the inhibition of DNA synthesis was 1.51 mM in mouse 3T3 cells, LD50 values for 15-acetylDON were 34 mg/kg (oral) and 113 mg/kg (i.p.).	biosynthetic precursor of DON in fungi	[20]
Fusarenon-X	C17H22O8	LD50 in ddS strain of male mice dosed IP was 3.3 mg/kg, IC50 for the inhibition of DNA synthesis was 0.72 mM in mouse 3T3 cells		[16, 20]