Table 5.
Toxicological effects of DON derivatives on animals.
| Compound | Molecular formula | Toxicity | Comments | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-keto DON (a)* | C15H18O6 | no data available | transformed product of DON under aerobic conditions by microbial cultures | [64, 65] |
| isoDON (b) | C15H20O6 | no data available | found in bread | [51, 61] |
| de-epoxy DON (c) | C15H20O5 | IC50 for inhibition of DNA synthesis was 83.0 mM in mouse 3T3 cells | found in milk and serum in cows fed DON contaminated feed | [20, 62, 63] |
| norDON A (d) | C14H18O5 | less cytotoxic up to 100 mM in human kidney epithelial IHKE cells compared to DON (EC50=1.1 μm) | detected in 29–66% of the samples in mean concentrations ranging from 3 to 15 mg/kg during heating under alkaline conditions | [56] |
| norDON B (e) | C14H18O5 | less cytotoxic up to 100 mM in human kidney epithelial IHKE cells compared to DON (EC50=1.1 μm) | detected in 29–66% of the samples in mean concentrations ranging from 3 to 15 mg/kg during heating under alkaline conditions | [56] |
| norDON C (f) | C14H18O5 | less cytotoxic up to 100 mM in human kidney epithelial IHKE cells compared to DON (EC50=1.1 μm) | detected in 29–66% of the samples in mean concentrations ranging from 3 to 15 mg/kg during heating under alkaline conditions | [56] |
| DON-3-glucuronide (g) | C21H28O12 | no toxicity at up to 270 mM in human K562 erythroleukemia cell line, and significant difference in immunotoxicity compared to DON | detoxification product of DON in plasma or urine | [66] |
| DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G) (h) | C21H30O11 | no data available | in almost all investigated DON contaminated cereals also contain DON-3G | [67, 68] |