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. 2008 Dec 18;9(12):2658–2723. doi: 10.3390/ijms9122658

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© 2008 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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The behavior of the Z-filaments in the high-tension region between stage D and G is different as compared with the tension region between stage A and D.

(a) The Z-filament torque (arrow 1) and thin filament torque (arrow 2) is balanced in the isometric stage D. (b) Quick stretch in stage D causes anticlockwise winding up of the Z-filaments (stage F) and Ca²⁺-displacement, that decreases and reverses the Z-filament torque (arrow 1). This results in further anticlockwise winding of the Z-filaments and further Ca²⁺-displacement, leading to an extreme stage G. (c) Stage G, the “limited extent of pull out”, could mean torsional stress for the Z-filaments, perhaps with not provided side-chain discharge and torque reduction