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Biomass yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and land use efficiency for six cropping systems compared during 4 yr in southern Germany [34]. WIL, willow trees+27 kg N ha−1; MIS, Miscanthus+40 kg N ha−1; SWG, switchgrass+80 kg N ha−1; EMZ, energy maize +120 kg N ha−1 and grown with a grass cover crop; CNT, winter wheat, winter triticale, and oilseed rape grown in rotation with no-till methods; CTL, same crop rotation as CNT but grown with conventional tillage methods.
