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Torsional mechanism for F1FO-ATP synthase with symmetry mismatch. The diagram is drawn for a ring of ten c-subunits (i.e., n=10) and half-steps of 360°/(2n). A symmetry mismatch between c and γ rotation of 6° after 120°, and 12° after 240° [for half-steps of 360°/(2n)] is found. After 360°, it is found that the symmetry mismatch becomes zero.
