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The torsional mechanism of energy transduction and ATP synthesis in the F1 portion of ATP synthase. The bound nucleotide occupancies of the catalytic sites during ATP synthesis are: no bound nucleotide in O, MgADP in C, MgADP + Pi in C′, MgADP.Pi in L, and MgATP in T. The diagram is drawn for one-third of the complete enzymatic cycle. Note that mismatch is removed only after the complete enzymatic cycle.
