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. 2009 Jan 28;106(5):1305–1312. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0808772106

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

The overarching feedback loop considered by MA involved indirect drivers (such as economic growth or social values that affect human well-being but do not directly affect ecosystems), direct drivers that directly alter ecosystems (such as human-driven land use change or natural volcanic eruptions), ecosystem structure and processes, ecosystem services, and human well-being. Modified from ref. 35.