Expression levels of the major enzymes were found to be decreased by at least 2-fold (grey shading), as indicated by proteomics analysis. Inset shows the change in intracellular glycerol content in an IrrE-expressing strain (▪) and a control strain (□) after incubation for 1 h with or without 1.0 M NaCl. Data represent the means and standard errors of three replicate experiments in which each sample was assayed in duplicate. Statistical significance was determined by Student's t test (n = 6, P<0.05). Abbreviations: GlpK, ATP-dependent glycerol kinase; GldA, Glycerol dehydrognease; ae-G3PDH, aerobic G3PDH; an-G3PDH, anaerobic G3PDH; PtsD, DHA-specific enzyme II; H, reducing equivalents (H = NADH/NADPH); GPD, glycerophosphoryl diester; DHA, dihydroxyacetone; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; PYR, pyruvate.