TABLE 4.
Prevalence and Correlates of Reporting at Least 1 Fear of Experiencing HIV-Related Stigma After the Introduction of a National Program of Universal Access to Antiretroviral Therapy: Botswana, 2004
| % Reporting at Least 1 HIV-Related Fear | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Gender | |||
| Men (Ref) | 73 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Women | 68 | 0.77 (0.61, 0.99) | 0.73 (0.56, 0.95) |
| Education | |||
| ≤ High school (Ref) | 70 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| > High school | 70 | 0.99 (0.77, 1.26) | 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) |
| Average monthly income | |||
| < 1000 pulaa (Ref) | 71 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≥ 1000 pula | 69 | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.32) |
| Place of residence | |||
| Urban (Ref) | 72 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urban village | 70 | 0.87 (0.66, 1.17) | 0.84 (0.62, 1.15) |
| Rural | 67 | 0.77 (0.58, 1.04) | 0.71 (0.51, 0.99) |
| Health status | |||
| Good/excellent health (Ref) | 70 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poor health | 72 | 1.11 (0.85, 1.45) | 1.01 (0.75, 1.36) |
| Number of outpatient clinic visits in past 12 months | |||
| 0 (Ref) | 22 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 or 2 | 45 | 1.01 (0.73, 1.40) | 1.15 (0.82, 1.63) |
| ≥ 3 | 33 | 0.72 (0.52, 0.99) | 0.68 (0.47, 0.98) |
| Increasing knowledge of HIV | … | 0.59 (0.41, 0.86) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) |
| Condom use | |||
| Always use (Ref) | 66 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Don't always use | 75 | 1.48 (1.15, 1.92) | 1.82 (1.37, 2.43) |
| Number of gender-discriminatory attitudes | |||
| 0 or 1 (Ref) | 68 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≥ 2 | 73 | 1.29 (1.01, 1.65) | 1.09 (0.83, 1.43) |
| Access to HIV treatment | |||
| No access (Ref) | 96 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Has access | 69 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.32) | 0.09 (0.03, 0.30) |
| Don't know | 60 | 0.06 (0.02, 0.22) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.22) |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence intervals. Adjusted models also included age, marital status, and depressive symptoms. Marital status was associated with HIV-related fears in unadjusted analyses.
a
US $200.00 to $250.00.