TABLE 3.
Adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) for Overall Progression to Established Smoking and Transition From Nonsmoking to Experimentation Among Youths Living With a Smoker and Those Living With Nonsmokers: Massachusetts, 2001–2006
| Overall Progression to
Established Smokinga |
Transition From Nonsmoking to
Experimentationb |
|||
| Lived With Smoker, OR (95% CI) | Lived With Nonsmokers, OR (95% CI) | Lived With Smoker, OR (95% CI) | Lived With Nonsmokers, OR (95% CI) | |
| Main predictor variable (level 1) | ||||
| Presence of a complete smoking ban in household | ||||
| Yes (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 1.38 (0.92, 2.07) | 1.08 (0.61, 1.93) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.37) | 1.89* (1.30, 2.74) |
| Individual-level time-varying covariates (level 1) | ||||
| Age group, y | ||||
| 12–14 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 15–17 | 0.83 (0.52, 1.31) | 1.72** (1.11, 2.65) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.02) | 2.20* (1.65, 2.93) |
| 18–21 | 0.69 (0.32, 1.49) | 0.86 (0.44, 1.67) | 0.98 (0.35, 2.71) | 1.22 (0.69, 2.17) |
| Baseline smoking status | ||||
| Nonsusceptible never smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Susceptible never smoker | 1.43 (0.72, 2.85) | 1.96** (1.10, 3.48) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.30) | 1.24 (0.93, 1.67) |
| Puffed | 5.51* (2.71, 11.20) | 4.95* (2.27, 10.82) | … | … |
| Smoked whole cigarette | 12.95* (6.03, 27.77) | 19.41* (9.92, 37.99) | … | … |
| Smoked in past 30 d | 43.14* (17.35, 107.3) | 49.08* (23.20, 103.8) | … | … |
| Presence of close friend who smokes | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.90* (1.27, 2.84) | 2.34* (1.08, 2.52) | 1.93* (1.38, 2.70) | 2.26* (1.64, 3.12) |
| 4-y follow-up period (wave 1 to wave 3) | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 3.78* (1.81, 7.85) | 4.17* (1.28, 13.59) | 1.89 (0.77, 4.65) | 2.81* (1.39, 5.67) |
| Individual-level covariates (level 2) | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Boy (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Girl | 0.72 (0.48, 1.09) | 0.43* (0.29, 0.63) | 0.90 (0.65, 1.26) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.03) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other | 1.17 (0.62, 2.21) | 1.24 (0.69, 2.25) | 0.98 (0.61, 1.57) | 0.80 (0.47, 1.36) |
| Household income, $ | ||||
| ≤ 50 000 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| > 50 000 | 0.81 (0.49, 1.31) | 1.46 (0.82, 2.60) | 1.14 (0.76, 1.72) | 1.72** (1.10, 2.68) |
| Informant education | ||||
| Not college graduate (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| College graduate | 0.79 (0.48, 1.32) | 1.08 (0.69, 1.70) | 1.18 (0.80, 1.72) | 0.95 (0.69, 1.31) |
| Town-level covariates (level 3)c | ||||
| Percentage “yes” vote on Question 1d | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) | 1.24 (0.96, 1.59) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.24) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.30) |
| Percentage of residents who are White | 1.31* (1.08, 1.58) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.44) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.36) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.18) |
| Percentage of residents who are youths | 0.77 (0.40, 1.46) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.41) | 0.79 (0.51, 1.24) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.21) |
Note. CI = confidence interval. Ellipses indicate not applicable.
Progression to established smoking is defined as having smoked 100 cigarettes in one's lifetime. Analyses on the basis of 858 individuals living in 229 towns, contributing a total of 1241 observations for youths living with smokers, and analyses on the basis of 1672 individuals living in 276 towns, contributing a total of 2538 observations for youths living without smokers.
Analyses on the basis of 731 individuals living in 211 towns, contributing a total of 1042 observations for youths living with smokers, and analyses on the basis of 1538 individuals living in 268 towns, contributing a total of 2315 observations for youths living without smokers.
Odds ratio associated with each 10-percentage-point increase in variable.
Question 1 was a 1992 ballot initiative that increased the cigarette tax and created a statewide tobacco control program.
*P < .01; **P < .05.