TABLE 2.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds of Not Initiating Breastfeeding: National Survey of Children's Health, 2003
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| State | ||
| Alabama | 4.95 (3.50, 7.00) | 3.59 (2.49, 5.16) |
| Alaska | 1.34 (0.88, 2.02) | 0.87 (0.55, 1.39) |
| Arizona | 1.95 (1.35, 2.82) | 1.83 (1.25, 2.69) |
| Arkansas | 5.55 (3.92, 7.86) | 4.04 (2.80, 5.84) |
| California | 1.10 (0.76, 1.60) | 0.99 (0.67, 1.47) |
| Colorado | 1.22 (0.84, 1.79) | 1.20 (0.81, 1.78) |
| Connecticut | 2.81 (1.97, 4.01) | 2.94 (2.03, 4.25) |
| Delaware | 4.09 (2.90, 5.78) | 3.40 (2.37, 4.87) |
| District of Columbia | 3.83 (2.68, 5.48) | 1.94 (1.31, 2.86) |
| Florida | 2.59 (1.81, 3.70) | 2.12 (1.45, 3.10) |
| Georgia | 3.53 (2.46, 5.06) | 2.53 (1.74, 3.69) |
| Hawaii | 1.60 (1.07, 2.39) | 1.31 (0.85, 2.03) |
| Idaho | 1.26 (0.85, 1.86) | 1.16 (0.77, 1.75) |
| Illinois | 2.48 (1.74, 3.54) | 2.37 (1.63, 3.45) |
| Indiana | 3.46 (2.43, 4.95) | 3.05 (2.10, 4.43) |
| Iowa | 3.59 (2.53, 5.09) | 3.46 (2.40, 4.98) |
| Kansas | 2.46 (1.70, 3.57) | 2.19 (1.47, 3.27) |
| Kentucky | 5.49 (3.88, 7.77) | 4.47 (3.11, 6.42) |
| Louisiana | 8.36 (5.96, 11.74) | 5.15 (3.61, 7.35) |
| Maine | 2.54 (1.77, 3.65) | 2.43 (1.66, 3.56) |
| Maryland | 2.11 (1.46, 3.05) | 1.77 (1.20, 2.61) |
| Massachusetts | 2.81 (1.96, 4.02) | 3.02 (2.07, 4.41) |
| Michigan | 3.31 (2.34, 4.68) | 2.62 (1.81, 3.78) |
| Minnesota | 1.91 (1.33, 2.75) | 1.85 (1.26, 2.72) |
| Mississippi | 6.17 (4.34, 8.78) | 3.65 (2.51, 5.30) |
| Missouri | 3.24 (2.28, 4.60) | 2.58 (1.77, 3.76) |
| Montana | 1.53 (1.03, 2.27) | 1.27 (0.83, 1.94) |
| Nebraska | 2.58 (1.79, 3.70) | 2.33 (1.60, 3.41) |
| Nevada | 1.90 (1.33, 2.72) | 1.79 (1.23, 2.60) |
| New Hampshire | 2.46 (1.72, 3.51) | 2.59 (1.78, 3.77) |
| New Jersey | 3.16 (2.23, 4.48) | 3.20 (2.21, 4.63) |
| New Mexico | 2.14 (1.46, 3.13) | 1.45 (0.95, 2.21) |
| New York | 2.63 (1.84, 3.75) | 2.51 (1.72, 3.68) |
| North Carolina | 3.24 (2.29, 4.58) | 2.43 (1.68, 3.50) |
| North Dakota | 3.22 (2.26, 4.59) | 2.81 (1.93, 4.09) |
| Ohio | 3.55 (2.52, 4.99) | 2.80 (1.95, 4.01) |
| Oklahoma | 3.37 (2.36, 4.79) | 2.39 (1.64, 3.50) |
| Oregon (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Pennsylvania | 4.30 (3.03, 6.09) | 3.76 (2.61, 5.41) |
| Rhode Island | 3.44 (2.43, 4.87) | 3.69 (2.57, 5.29) |
| South Carolina | 4.53 (3.21, 6.41) | 3.21 (2.23, 4.63) |
| South Dakota | 3.14 (2.17, 4.53) | 2.50 (1.70, 3.67) |
| Tennessee | 3.91 (2.75, 5.56) | 3.00 (2.07, 4.35) |
| Texas | 2.39 (1.69, 3.38) | 2.13 (1.48, 3.07) |
| Utah | 1.25 (0.85, 1.83) | 1.28 (0.85, 1.93) |
| Vermont | 1.66 (1.11, 2.48) | 1.61 (1.05, 2.47) |
| Virginia | 3.40 (2.39, 4.84) | 2.55 (1.77, 3.69) |
| Washington State | 0.97 (0.64, 1.47) | 0.91 (0.58, 1.40) |
| West Virginia | 5.97 (4.24, 8.38) | 4.97 (3.46, 7.14) |
| Wisconsin | 2.59 (1.81, 3.72) | 2.33 (1.60, 3.39) |
| Wyoming | 1.53 (1.06, 2.23) | 1.24 (0.84, 1.85) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Hispanic | 1.47 (1.22, 1.76) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2.06 (1.78, 2.39) | |
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Non-Hispanic multiple race | 1.10 (0.87, 1.38) | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 1.55 (1.16, 2.07) | |
| Poverty levela | ||
| < 100% | 1.74 (1.49, 2.02) | |
| 100%–199% | 1.60 (1.41, 1.82) | |
| 200%–299% | 1.25 (1.10, 1.42) | |
| ≥ 300% (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Gender of child | ||
| Boy | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | |
| Girl (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Family structure | ||
| 2-parent stepfamily | 1.78 (1.38, 2.31) | |
| Single mother | 1.47 (1.30, 1.65) | |
| Other | 7.74 (3.87, 15.48) | |
| 2-parent biological or adopted family (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Primary language in household | ||
| Spanish | 0.83 (0.65, 1.07) | |
| Any other language | 1.00 (0.83, 1.17) | |
| English (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Nativity status | ||
| Child was US born and at least 1 parent was foreign born | 0.47 (0.38, 0.57) | |
| Child was foreign born | 0.71 (0.50, 1.00) | |
| Child and parents were US born (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Smoker in household | ||
| Yes | 1.57 (1.38, 1.78) | |
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Maternal health status | ||
| Fair or poor | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | |
| Excellent, very good, or good (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Maternal mental health status | ||
| Fair or poor | 1.00 (0.80, 1.24) | |
| Excellent, very good, or good (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Mother exercises regularly | ||
| Yes (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| No | 1.17 (1.06, 1.28) |
Notes. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
a
Based on the US Department of Health and Human Services 2003 Poverty Guidelines.19