Table 3. Trends in determinants of professional attendance at birth and caesarean section according to wealth quintile or urban/rural residence, Indonesia 1986–2002.
| Period | Strata of interaction | Professional attendance |
Caesarean section |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CIa | OR | 95% CIa | |||
| Annual trends by wealth quintileb | ||||||
| 1986–1991 | All quintiles | 0.98 | (0.95–1.00) | 1.01 | (0.93–1.10) | |
| 1991–1997 | Lowest four quintiles combined | – | – | 1.05 | (1.00–1.11) | |
| Quintile 1 (lowest SES) | 1.11 | (1.08–1.15) | – | – | ||
| Quintile 2 | 1.11 | (1.08–1.14) | – | – | ||
| Quintile 3 | 1.06 | (1.04–1.09) | – | – | ||
| Quintile 4 | 1.04 | (1.01–1.06) | – | – | ||
| Quintile 5 (highest SES) | 0.99 | (0.95–1.04) | 1.10 | (1.05–1.15) | ||
| 1997–2002 | Poorest four quintiles combined | – | – | 0.94 | (0.88–1.01) | |
| Quintile 1 (lowest SES) | 1.09 | (1.02–1.16) | – | – | ||
| Quintile 2 | 1.08 | (1.04–1.14) | – | – | ||
| Quintile 3 | 1.06 | (1.02–1.11) | – | – | ||
| Quintile 4 | 1.00 | (0.96–1.05) | – | – | ||
| Quintile 5 (highest SES) | 1.04 | (0.98–1.11) | 1.01 | (0.95–1.07) | ||
| Annual trends by urban/rural residenceb | ||||||
| 1986–1991 | All areas | 0.98 | (0.96–1.01) | 1.01 | (0.93–1.09) | |
| 1991–1997 | Rural areas | 1.09 | (1.07–1.11) | 1.09 | (1.03–1.15) | |
| Urban areas | 1.03 | (0.99–1.06) | 1.07 | (1.03–1.12) | ||
| 1997–2002 | Rural areas | 1.08 | (1.05–1.12) | 0.98 | (0.90–1.05) | |
| Urban areas | 0.98 | (0.93–1.03) | 0.99 | (0.94–1.05) | ||
OR, odds ratio; SES, socioeconomic status. a 95% confidence intervals (CI) are meant to help the reader gauge whether a particular annual trend is statistically different from 1.0. For P-values that measure whether the trend in one period is different from the trend in another period, or whether the trends are significantly different by strata, please see text. b Both models were also adjusted for the respondent’s education, partner’s education, woman’s age at delivery, parity, twin births, region, and religion (results not shown). The first model was also adjusted for urban/rural residence, and the second was also adjusted for wealth quintile.