TABLE 1.

Effect of Lifetime Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use on Violent Behavior Among Young Adult Males: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, United States, 1994–2002

	Model 1 (n = 6823)		Model 2 (n = 5158)		Model 3 (n = 6789)		Model 4 (n = 5134)
	b (SE)	z	b (SE)	z	b (SE)	z	b (SE)	z
Lifetime steroid user	1.12* (0.16)	6.96	1.19* (0.17)	6.91	0.87* (0.16)	5.58	0.98* (0.17)	5.86
Age	−0.15* (0.02)	−9.72	−0.15* (0.02)	−7.99	−0.13* (0.02)	−8.21	−0.13* (0.02)	−7.19
Race	0.20* (0.06)	3.39	0.15 (0.05)	2.30	0.36* (0.06)	6.31	0.31* (0.06)	4.79
Previous violent behavior			0.17* (0.01)	12.51			0.15* (0.01)	11.72
Polydrug use					0.35* (0.02)	14.80	0.29* (0.03)	11.15

Note. Model 1 estimated the baseline effect that steroid use has on wave-3 violence. Model 2 introduced a measure of previous violent behavior (measured at wave 2) as a statistical control. Model 3 introduced a measure of polydrug use as a statistical control. Model 4 estimated the effect of steroid use on wave-3 violence after we controlled for both previous violent behavior (measured at wave 2) and polydrug use.

* P ≤ .001.