TABLE 2.

Effect of Past-Year Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use on Violent Behavior Among Young Adult Males: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, United States,1994–2002

	Model 1 (n = 6822)		Model 2 (n = 5157)		Model 3 (n = 6788)		Model 4 (n = 5133)
	b (SE)	z	b (SE)	z	b (SE)	z	b (SE)	z
Past-year steroid user	1.25* (0.17)	7.27	1.19* (0.19)	6.31	0.93* (0.17)	5.55	0.91* (0.19)	4.90
Age	−0.15* (0.02)	−9.53	−0.15* (0.02)	−8.21	−0.13* (0.02)	−8.52	−0.14* (0.02)	−7.35
Race	0.19* (0.06)	3.27	0.14 (0.06)	2.20	0.36* (0.06)	6.21	0.30* (0.06)	4.69
Previous violent behavior			0.16* (0.01)	12.32			0.15* (0.01)	11.55
Polydrug use					0.35* (0.02)	14.55	0.29* (0.03)	11.06

Note. Model 1 estimated the baseline effect that steroid use has on wave-3 violence. Model 2 introduced a measure of previous violent behavior (measured at wave 2) as a statistical control. Model 3 introduced a measure of polydrug use as a statistical control. Model 4 estimated the effect of steroid use on wave-3 violence after we controlled for both previous violent behavior (measured at wave 2) and polydrug use.

* P ≤ .001.