TABLE 1.
Circumcision Rates as a Function of Hospital and State Predictors (Hospitals Weighted by Number of Male Births): Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2004
| Mean Circumcision Rate (SD) | ANOVA F | ANOVA P | |
| All hospitals (N = 683) | 55.9 (29.9) | ||
| State Medicaid program coverage of routine male circumcision | 412.5 | <.001 | |
| Not covered | 31.2 (29.6) | ||
| Covered | 69.6 (20.8) | ||
| Hospital sizea | 1.5 | .216 | |
| Small | 61.0 (21.9) | ||
| Medium | 55.8 (29.5) | ||
| Large | 54.9 (34.1) | ||
| Hospital location | 5.3 | .021 | |
| Rural | 63.7 (14.9) | ||
| Urban | 55.1 (36.3) | ||
| Hospital teaching status | 12.0 | <.001 | |
| Nonteaching | 52.3 (26.6) | ||
| Teaching | 60.2 (39.1) | ||
| Region | 132.4 | <.001 | |
| Northeast | 68.7 (15.7) | ||
| Midwest | 77.2 (16.7) | ||
| South | 59.7 (28.2) | ||
| West | 27.1 (29.0) | ||
| Proportion of male births with LOS of ≤ 1 dayb | 65.9 | <.001 | |
| Low | 64.8 (26.4) | ||
| Medium | 61.4 (28.5) | ||
| High | 36.0 (27.4) | ||
| Proportion of male births with LOS of 2 to 5 daysb | 77.6 | <.001 | |
| Low | 37.5 (29.3) | ||
| Medium | 61.2 (30.4) | ||
| High | 68.4 (20.2) | ||
| Proportion of male births with LOS of ≥ 6 daysb | 1.1 | .345 | |
| Low | 55.1 (18.2) | ||
| Medium | 58.9 (27.0) | ||
| High | 55.0 (40.4) | ||
| Proportion of male births with Medicaid as primary payerb | 63.4 | <.001 | |
| Low | 65.1 (27.0) | ||
| Medium | 59.9 (25.9) | ||
| High | 36.8 (29.6) | ||
| Proportion of male births with no insuranceb | 11.9 | <.001 | |
| Low | 57.1 (28.2) | ||
| Medium | 60.8 (31.8) | ||
| High | 47.3 (28.2) | ||
| Proportion of male births with private insuranceb | 61.4 | <.001 | |
| Low | 36.3 (28.8) | ||
| Medium | 59.9 (25.7) | ||
| High | 64.5 (28.2) | ||
| Proportion of male births living in a lower income area (lowest quartile)bc | 17.5 | <.001 | |
| Low | 62.5 (24.2) | ||
| Medium | 56.7 (34.6) | ||
| High | 44.4 (27.9) | ||
| Proportion of male births living in a medium-low income area (second quartile)bc | 1.0 | .380 | |
| Low | 57.6 (29.0) | ||
| Medium | 56.0 (34.4) | ||
| High | 53.1 (25.8) | ||
| Proportion of male births living in a medium-high income area (third quartile)bc | 8.2 | <.001 | |
| Low | 44.6 (22.0) | ||
| Medium | 56.7 (32.4) | ||
| High | 58.7 (33.2) | ||
| Proportion of male births living in a higher income area (highest quartile)bc | 11.3 | <.001 | |
| Low | 55.4 (18.3) | ||
| Medium | 48.1 (36.2) | ||
| High | 60.1 (33.2) | ||
| Proportion of male births who are Whiteb | 67.5 | <.001 | |
| Low | 43.8 (37.0) | ||
| Medium | 65.0 (23.4) | ||
| High | 72.3 (18.1) | ||
| Proportion of male births who are African Americanb | 18.4 | <.001 | |
| Low | 45.6 (30.3) | ||
| Medium | 55.2 (29.1) | ||
| High | 62.7 (28.1) | ||
| Proportion of male births who are Hispanicb | 142.5 | <.001 | |
| Low | 75.5 (16.9) | ||
| Medium | 66.6 (22.6) | ||
| High | 39.0 (33.2) | ||
| Proportion of male births who are another race/ethnicitybd | 8.3 | <.001 | |
| Low | 47.9 (30.4) | ||
| Medium | 58.8 (30.0) | ||
| High | 58.4 (28.4) |
Note. ANOVA = analysis of variance; LOS = length of hospital stay.
Determined based on the number of beds. Classifications were relative to a hospital's region, urban or rural location, and teaching status.
For characteristics measured on a continuous scale, neonatal male circumcision rates were calculated for hospitals that fell into the lowest third of the distribution of the characteristic across hospitals (low), the middle third (medium), and the highest third (high).
Proportion of newborns in each hospital who resided in zip codes with median income of $1 to $35 999 (lowest quartile), $36 000 to $44 999 (second quartile), $45 000 to $58 999 (third quartile), and $59 000 or higher (highest quartile). This was calculated from Nationwide Inpatient Sample data on median household income quartile for each patient's zip code.10
Other ethnicity includes non-White, non–African American, non-Hispanic (e.g., Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian).