Figure 3.

Time course of brain responses reflecting prediction errors. Time courses were averaged across trials throughout the entire learning sessions. Error bars are inter-subject s.e.m. a, Overlaid positive (grey circles) and negative (black squares) reward prediction errors in the striatum for both L-DOPA-treated and haloperidol-treated groups, and in both gain and loss trials. b, Overlaid positive (black squares) and negative (grey circles) punishment prediction errors in the right anterior insula, during the loss trials.